贫困应用研究进展的述评与展望——基于贫困测量方法的视角

The review and implications of the development progress of poverty measurement and its applications

贫困的精准测量和贫困对象的精准瞄准是一切反贫困政策实施和政策效应评估工作的基础。在中国精准扶贫的政策背景下,文章评述中国官方贫困线和世界银行国际贫困线及其变动,并对文献中广为采用的五种贫困度量方法及其经验研究文献进行梳理。这五种贫困度量方法包括静态即时的收入/支出贫困标准、动态收入/支出贫困状态转变、资产贫困标准、动态资产贫困临界值和多维贫困测量标准。研究发现已有文献存在研究对象不精准、研究数据较陈旧、贫困标准低的问题,难以评估精准扶贫政策的实际减贫效果和动态变化过程。在后续研究中,相对贫困标准的确立、农户贫困状态动态转变的识别及影响因素研究,生计策略对农户贫困状态动态转变的作用机制的探析,对明确2020年后中国的扶贫政策取向具有重要的借鉴意义。

Accurate measurement of the poverty level and precise identification of poverty targets are the basis for effective implementation and evaluation of China’s poverty alleviation policies.This paper compared the official poverty lines from both China and the World Bank,examined the changes of them,and discussed five widely accepted poverty evaluation methods and their applications from the literature.These five poverty measurements include static income/expenditure poverty standards,dynamic changes in income/expenditure poverty status,asset poverty standards,dynamic asset poverty thresholds,and multidimensional poverty measurement standards.These measurements from the existing literature have some shortcomings,including targeting the regional level or non-poor areas instead of poverty-stricken areas and at the household level,out of date research data,and low poverty standards.These shortcomings resulted in some difficulties to assess the actual poverty reduction effects and the dynamic changes induced by the precise poverty alleviation policies.To provide some clarity to guide China’s post-2020 poverty alleviation policies,this paper suggests that future studies should focus on identifying the dynamic changes in poverty status of rural households,analyzing the contributing factors and exploring the role of livelihood strategies in the dynamics of rural households.