我国生态环境损害修复责任方式司法适用的实证分析

An Empirical Analysis of the Judicial Application of the Responsibility Mode of the Rehabilitation of Eco-Environmental Damages in China

最高法院曾在2015年1月7日起施行的《关于审理环境民事公益诉讼案件适用法律若干问题的解释》中沿用了传统民法的"恢复原状"责任方式,但在2019年6月5日起施行的《关于审理生态环境损害赔偿案件的若干规定(试行)》中却用"修复生态环境"替代了"恢复原状"并置于责任方式首位,这一举措具有重要意义,但也反映了诸多问题。从环境民事公益诉讼到生态环境损害赔偿诉讼,各地法院在判决书中或用"恢复原状"或用"修复"责任方式的概念。对二者的认识模糊不清、概念使用混乱,导致生态环境损害司法救济效果不佳。通过实证研究,发现司法实践中修复责任方式存在适用不规范、具体措施不明、缺乏可操作性且责任落实困难等问题。基于成因分析,建议制定专门的自然损害救济法、优先适用修复责任,根据不同情况类型化适用、完善环境行政执法责任并通过司法督促行政机关履行环境监管职责。

In the Interpretation of Several Questions Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation Cases,which came into effect on January7,2015,the Supreme Court follows the traditional civil law of"restoration to the original state"responsibility.However,in the Several Provisions on the Trial of Compensation Cases for Damage to the Ecological Environment(Trial Implementation)implemented on June 5,2019,"rehabilitation of the ecological environment"replaces "restoration to the original state"and it is put in the first place of responsibility,which is of great significance,but reflects many problems.From environmental civil public interest litigation to eco-environmental damage compensation litigation,local courts either use"restoration"or"rehabilitation"in the judgment.The fuzzy understanding and misuse of concepts lead to the poor judicial relief effects of eco-environmental damages.Through empirical research,it is found that in judicial practices,there exist problems of the rehabilitation liability such as non-standard application,unspecific measures,lack of operability and difficulties in the implementation of responsibility.Based on the analysis of the causes,it is suggested to formulate a special natural damage relief law,give priority to the application of repair responsibility,apply it according to different circumstances,improve the responsibility of environmental administrative law enforcement and supervise the administrative organs to fulfill the environmental supervision responsibility through justice.