济漕与否：明清卫河水利用与沿岸水稻种植变迁研究——以辉县为中心的考察

Whether Flowed into the Grand Canal or Not: Analysis on Using Water of Weihe and the Change of Rice Cultivation along the River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties——Taking Huixian for example

明清时期,作为国之大计的漕运,其安全畅通仰仗于稳定的水源保障。尤其是临清以下河段,因卫河在此与运河交汇,其来水量直接关系着运河漕运的安全。同时卫河又担负着沿岸各地稻田灌溉之责,故卫河济漕与否,直接影响水稻种植的变迁,二者之间呈现出交错起伏的关联性。有明一代,卫河与运河水量相对丰富,即使偶有不足,亦可通过引沁、引漳、引丹等不同途径予以解决,因而政府对卫河灌溉用水几无限制,以辉县为中心的卫河上游地区水稻种植逐渐达到高峰。明末至清初,在干旱的气候背景下,辉县等地灌溉用水持续增加,导致汇入运河之水减少,漕运安全受到影响,政府始重卫河用水管控,辉县等地水稻种植规模虽仍有缓慢发展,但总体呈下降之势。雍正、乾隆年间,漕运用水矛盾日渐加剧,政府对卫河用水控制随之趋严,水稻种植态势因之跌入低谷。清代中后期,漕粮改折及漕粮海运之后,卫河之水无需再行济漕,沿岸各地又恢复自由灌溉之势,水稻种植又渐有起色,出现一定程度的恢复。然而生态恶化、气候变迁使卫河水量总体减少,其沿岸水稻种植盛况难再。可见,明清时期漕运、卫河用水及沿岸水稻种植之间的互动关系。

During the Ming and Qing dynasties,water transportation was the most important thing of the country and depended on stable water supply.The inflow of Weihe which intersected at Lingqing not only af・fected the safety of canal transportation directly,but also irrigated rice paddies along the river.So whether the water of Weihe completely flowed into the Grand Canal or not had a direct impact on the change of rice cultiva-tion,the relationship between them was staggered and fluctuating.In the Ming Dynasty,both the Weihe and the Grand Canal were relatively abundant in water.Even if there were occasional deficiencies,they could be solved by drawing water from Qin,Zhang and Dan River.Therefore,the government had no restrictions on the irriga-tion,and rice planting in the upper reaches of Weihe around Huixian gradually reached its peak.From the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty,under the background of dry weather,the irrigation water in Huixian and other places continued to increase,which decreased the water flowing into the Grand Canal and affected its safety.So the government began to control it.Although the scale of rice cultivation in Huixian and other places was still developing slowly,the overall was declining.During Yongzheng and Qianlong periods,the restriction of using water by the government became more and more strict with the water of Grand Canal decreased seriously,the trough of rice planting occurred.After Caozhe and transportation of tribute rice by sea in the middle and late Qing Dynasty,the water of Weihe did not need to be used for water supplying to the Grand Canal,and the trend of free irrigation was restored along the river.The cultivation of rice was gradually improving and a certain de-gree of recovery appeared.However,ecological deterioration and climate change have reduced the water volume of Weihe as a whole,it made difficult for rice planting to flourish along the river.All in all,it can be seen that there was an interactive relationship between water transportation,using water of Weihe and the cultivation of rice along the river in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.