中国高等教育投入产出效率的综合评价——基于Window-Malmquist指数法

Comprehensive Evaluation of Input-output Efficiency of Higher Education in China——Based on Window-Malmquist Index Method

"双一流"建设背景下,基于合作竞争的资源配置模式决定了中国必须提高高等教育投入产出效率。综合运用Window-Malmquist指数法和空间聚类方法测算分析中国31省(市)2004-2015年的高等教育投入产出效率及其演变规律和空间差异,结果显示:(1)总体而言,中国高等教育投入产出效率呈现DEA有效状态,技术进步是其提升的主要贡献因素,但高等教育"区域鸿沟"的存在却导致追赶效应拉低了效率值;(2)从时间演变规律看,中国高等教育投入产出效率相对稳定,但上升趋势并不明显,且存在两极分化或多极分化的可能性;(3)从空间差异情况看,31个省(市)中,江苏高等教育投入产出效率最高,东部沿海地区的高等教育投入产出效率具有"高高"特征,且效率值明显高于其他地区;(4)从空间集聚特征看,在技术进步的作用下不同区域的高等教育投入产出效率存在正向的空间关系,但追赶效应却降低了这种空间联系。

China’s higher education has achieved new breakthroughs in research and education, innovation capabilities and social services, while at the same time we also notice that the traditional planning and allocation of resources under the "211" and "985" engineering models has resulted in asymmetric and unbalanced input and output of higher education. The overall level of Chinese higher education is still low and the capacity for independent innovation and society service function is still weak. Under the background of building world-class universities and first-class disciplines, the resource allocation model based on cooperation and competition requires that China increase the input-output efficiency of higher education.In this paper, the Window-Malmquist index method and spatial clustering analysis method are used to measure and analyze the input-output efficiency of higher education in 31 provinces(cities) in China from 2004 to 2015 and its evolution rules and spatial differences. The results show that:(1) the input-output efficiency of China’s higher education shows an effective state of DEA, and technological progress is the main contributor to its improvement. Meanwhile, the existence of " regional chasm " in higher education has led to catch-up effect which lowers the efficiency value;(2) From the view of time evolving, the efficiency of input-output of higher education is generally relatively stable, but the upward trend is not obvious, and there is a possibility of polarization or multi-polarization;(3) in terms of spatial disparity, among the 31 provinces and municipalities, the input-output efficiency in Jiangsu Province is the highest. The input-output efficiency of higher education in eastern coastal areas is characterized by "high" with a prominent higher ratio comparing to other regions(4) from the perspective of spatial agglomeration characteristics, there is a positive spatial relationship among input-output efficiencies in different regions under the influence of technological progress, while catch-up effect reduces the spatial linkage. The main inspirations of this article are as follows: firstly, from the prospective of increasing input-output efficiency of higher education, it is necessary to narrow the regional gap among regions. Secondly, from the prospective of keep stability of higher education input-output efficiency, it is necessary to ensure the stability of higher education input and reform policy. Thirdly, from the prospective of strengthening spatial agglomeration, it is necessary to enhance exchange and cooperation of higher education among provinces and regions.