1999-2018年我国直饮水卫生状况和监督管理分析

Analysis of Sanitary Status and Supervision and Management of Direct Drinking Water in China during 1999-2018

目的分析我国直饮水卫生状况、变化趋势和监测管理情况,为直饮水的监督和管理提供依据,同时提出监督管理建议。方法检索我国学术期刊公开发表的直饮水监测相关文章,收集、整理文章中的检测数据,并从时间、地区、采样单位、形式、水质评价标准和影响因素等多个方面分析直饮水现况。结果纳入1999-2018年直饮水监测相关文章37篇,发表时间主要分布在2007-2018年,采样地区主要是上海(18.92%)、北京(8.12%)、广州(8.12%)等经济发达地区;所纳入文章的直饮水采样时间涵盖2005-2017年,共计直饮水样品数7303个,合格数5847个,总体合格率80.02%,各年直饮水合格率差异有统计学意义(χ^2=108.917,P<0.05),但随年份增长直饮水合格率没有升高或下降的变化趋势;直饮水采样地点主要是学校(64.44%)和机关、企事业单位(11.11%),不同采样地点直饮水合格率无统计学意义(χ^2=2.086,P>0.05);直饮水机供给的直饮水合格率(82.12%)高于管道直饮水(76.82%)(χ^2=20.113,P<0.05);直饮水水质判定标准主要采用CJ94-2005(53.49%)和GB 5749-2006(20.93%);菌落总数和浑浊度是影响直饮水合格的主要水质指标。结论我国直饮水水质合格率不高,微生物是主要影响因素;直饮水监测不到位,水质判定标准不统一是我国直饮水当前的主要问题,建议规范和加强直饮水的卫生管理和监督监测。

Objective To analyze the sanitary condition,change trend and monitoring situation of direct drinking water in China,in order to provide basis for the supervision and management for direct drinking water and put forward supervision and management suggestions.Methods The paper searched the articles on direct drinking water monitoring published in China’s academic journals,collected and sorted out the test data in these articles,and analyzed the current situation of direct drinking water in various facets,such as time,area,sampling unit,form,water quality evaluation standard and influencing factors.Results Totally,37 articles related to direct drinking water monitoring in 1999-2018 were included,the publication time was mainly distributed in 2007-2018,and the sampling area was mainly in Shanghai(18.92%),followed by Beijing(8.12%),Guangzhou(8.12%)and other developed areas.The sampling time of the direct drinking water was from 2005 to 2017.The total and qualified direct drinking water samples was 7303 and 5847,respectively.The overall qualification rate was 80.02%,and the difference of the qualified rate of drinking water in each year was statistically significant(χ^2=108.917,P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference in the qualified rate of direct drinking water between different years.The sampling sites for drinking water were mainly in the schools(64.44%),followed by the government agencies,enterprises and institutions(11.11%).The pass rate of drinking water in different sampling sites was not statistically significant(χ^2=2.086,P>0.05).The qualified rate of direct drinking water supplied by direct drinking water dispensers was higher(82.12%)than that supplied by direct drinking water pipes(76.82%)(χ^2=20.113,P<0.05).The water quality judgment standard for direct drinking water mainly adopted CJ 94-2005(53.49%)and GB5749-2006(20.93%).The total number of colonies and turbidity were the main water quality items affecting the direct drinking water.Conclusions The qualified rate of direct drinking water quality in China is generally low,and the microbes are the main influencing factors.In addition,the monitoring of direct drinking water in China is not in place,and the water quality judgment standards are not uniform.The relevant departments should standardize and strengthen the sanitation management and monitoring of direct drinking water.