果园微气候因子改善葡萄净光合速率与蒸腾速率研究

Studies on Orchard Microclimate Factors to Improve Grape Net Photosynthetic Rate and Transpiration Rate

葡萄作为新疆吐哈地区主要特色林果,受其干旱、少雨、蒸发量高的气候环境限制,对葡萄产量造成极大的影响。同时,由于葡萄灌溉普遍采用地面沟灌,耗水量大,造成水资源日益紧张,导致葡萄在水分管理上存在着灌溉定额过大、高耗低效及粗放的田间管理等问题。该研究在滴灌灌水技术的基础上,通过弥雾微喷调控技术,对葡萄各生育期光合参数、温度、湿度进行测定,分析葡萄净光合速率和蒸腾速率与气候因子的相关关系,确定葡萄优质增产的微气候因子阈值范围。结果表明:光合速率随叶片温度变化呈抛物线状,坐果期的Pn和T的阈值为22.05μmol·m^-2·s^-1和36.19℃;果实膨大期的Pn和T的阈值为20.33μmol·m^-2·s^-1和35.81℃;果实成熟期的Pn和T的阈值为11.15μmol·m^-2·s^-1和37.52℃。同理,坐果期的Pn和RH的阈值为22.14μmol·m^-2·s^-1和47.08%;果实膨大期的Pn和RH的阈值为19.91μmol·m^-2·s^-1和40.12%;果实成熟期的Pn和RH的阈值为10.96μmol·m^-2·s^-1和25.24%。蒸腾速率与空气温度都呈单峰型关系,坐果期阈值为37.46℃,果实膨大期阈值为39.34℃,果实成熟期阈值为37.58℃。蒸腾速率与空气相对湿度呈先增大后减小的变化规律,坐果期阈值为44.35%,果实膨大期阈值为33.70%,果实成熟期阈值为25.14%。试验结果表明,在葡萄坐果期适宜的温度和湿度阈值为36.19~37.46℃和44.35%~47.08%;果实膨大期适宜的温度和湿度阈值为35.81~39.34℃和33.70%~40.12%;果实成熟期适宜的温度和湿度阈值为37.52~37.58℃和25.14%~25.24%。

As the main characteristic fruit of Tuha area in Xinjiang,grape is limited by the climate of drought,lack of rain and high evaporation,which has a great impact on grape yield.At the same time,due to the widespread use of ground furrow irrigation for grape irrigation,water consumption increases,resulting in water problem.Increasing needing resources had led to problems such as excessive irrigation quotas,high consumption and inefficiency,and extensive field management in water management.On the basis of drip irrigation technology,the photosynthesis parameters,temperature and humidity of grape growth period were measured by using mist micro-spray control technology,and the correlation between grape net photosynthetic rate and climatic factors,transpiration rate and climatic factors was analyzed.Determine the threshold range of microclimate factors for high-quality yield increase of grapes.The results showed that,the photosynthetic rate was parabolic with leaf temperature.The threshold values of PN and T were 22.05 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 36.19 ℃ in fruit set,and 20.33 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 35.81 ℃ in fruit enlargement;the thresholds of PN and T in the ripening period of fruit were 11.15 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 37.52 ℃.Similarly,the threshold values of PN and RH in fruit setting period were 22.14 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 47.08%;the threshold values of PN and RH in fruit enlargement period were 19.91 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 40.12%;The thresholds of PN and RH during fruit ripening were 10.96 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 25.24%.Both the transpiration rate and the air temperature have a single peak relationship,the fruit setting period threshold is 37.46 ℃,the fruit expansion period threshold is 39.34 ℃,and the fruit ripening period threshold is 37.58 ℃.The transpiration rate and relative humidity of air increased first and then decreased.The fruit setting period threshold was 44.35%,the fruit expansion period threshold was 33.70%,and the fruit ripening period threshold was 25.14%.The test results show that the suitable temperature and humidity thresholds for grape fruit setting are 36.19-37.46 ℃ and 44.35%-47.08%;the suitable temperature and humidity thresholds for fruit enlargement are 35.81-39.34 ℃ and 33.70%-40.12%;The appropriate temperature and humidity thresholds were 37.52-37.58 ℃ and 25.14%-25.24%.