环境中抗生素抗性基因的去除方法

Removal of antibiotic resistance genes in environment

抗生素自发现以来广泛应用于医疗、畜牧业和水产养殖业,那些未被人体和动物吸收的抗生素通过排泄废物进入环境,使环境中抗生素的含量居高不下。环境中的微生物经抗生素持续不断地筛选产生了越来越多的抗生素抗性菌和抗生素抗性基因,引起了全球的广泛关注。抗生素抗性基因(以抗生素抗性菌作为主要载体)借助整合子、质粒、转座子等可移动遗传元件,通过水平基因转移的方式在物种间不断地传播扩散,直接引起了细菌对抗生素的耐药性。由于全球微生物的流动性,抗生素抗性基因对人类健康和生态环境潜在的巨大危害已经引起了人们的高度重视,开展对其进行有效去除的研究工作已迫在眉睫。对此,本文归纳了传统的消毒工艺、电离辐射技术、好氧堆肥和厌氧消化、膜生物反应器等几种典型的去除工艺对抗生素抗性基因的作用原理和去除效果,分析了这些工艺的优缺点,以期对未来确立抗生素抗性基因去除工艺的发展方向和研究重点有所帮助。

Antibiotics have been widely used in medicine,animal husbandry,and aquaculture since their discovery.Those not absorbed by humans and animals enter the environment through excretion,resulting in high levels of antibiotics in the environment.Microorganisms in the environment have produced more and more antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes under the continuous screening of antibiotics,which has attracted worldwide attention.Antibiotic resistance genes(with antibiotic resistant bacteria as the main carrier)continue to spread among species through horizontal gene transfer with the help of movable genetic elements such as integrons,plasmids,and transposons,which directly causes the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics.Due to the mobility of global microorganisms,the potential harm of antibiotic resistance genes to human health and ecological environment has attracted great attention,and it is urgent to carry out research on effective removal of antibiotic resistance genes.In this paper,the principles and removal effects of typical removal processes,such as traditional disinfection techniques,ionizing radiation,aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion,and membrane bioreactor,on antibiotic resistance genes were summarized,and their advantages and disadvantages were also analyzed,aiming to help specify the development and research focus of antibiotic resistance gene removal methods in the future.