《大雅·卷阿》主旨、结构及其时代探析

A Study on the Theme, Structure and Time of Quan E in Da Ya

学术史上一直存在《大雅·卷阿》是由两首诗误合为一首的论断。若从周代歌诗文本生成的角度展开解读,可以发现《卷阿》是一首主题统一、成于众口的赓歌,"错简"的说法难以成立。"诗中诗"的套层结构决定了诗中存在多个抒情口吻,也造成了各章章句形式及艺术手法上的差异。全诗称颂的"君子"是周天子,根据《卷阿》的语言特征,可以确定它的写制年代不早于西周晚期。《易林》中的"召伯"当指宣王时代的召穆公,据此推测《卷阿》很可能是召穆公带领群臣赞颂周宣王的唱和之作。

Previous research concluded that Quan E in Da Ya was a poem combined by two poems due to the disorder of bamboo slips. This paper, however, argues that the conclusion is not valid. From the perspective of text generation of the song poetry in the Zhou Dynasty, it can be found that Quan E is an antiphon poetry sung by the public with a consistent theme. Its layered structure of "poem in a poem" determines the changes of the rhyme, shifts of the voice, and differences in the forms and artistic techniques of every stanza. The "Lord" praised in the whole poem is Emperor Zhou, and, by analyzing the linguistic features of Quan E, we think that the poem was created not earlier than the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Besides, based on the records of Yi Lin, we speculate that Duke Shao refers to Duke Shao Mu during the reign of Emperor Xuan of Zhou. Quan E is most probably a ritual hymn sung by ministers under the leadership of Duke Shao to extol the virtuous Emperor Xuan of Zhou.