趋磁细菌多样性与应用研究进展

Diversity and Applications of Magnetotactic Bacteria

趋磁细菌是一类可以沿磁场方向进行运动的微生物统称,在细胞内合成由生物膜包被、链状排列、纳米级、单磁畴的磁铁矿(Fe3O4)或胶黄铁矿(Fe3S4)的磁小体颗粒。趋磁细菌在自然界分布广泛且多样性丰富,不仅在水环境和沉积环境的铁、硫、碳、氮、磷等元素生物地球化学循环中发挥重要作用,而且在污染治理、疾病诊断和治疗等方面有较好的应用。趋磁细菌磁小体由生物膜包被并在细胞调控下合成,是一类新型的生物源磁性纳米材料。相比常规化学合成的磁性纳米颗粒,磁小体具有大小均一、生物相容性高、兼具化学修饰和基因工程修饰功能等特点,在磁性分离、固定化酶、食品检测、环境监测、医学诊断、磁共振成像、磁热疗和靶向治疗等方面具有广阔的应用前景。在介绍趋磁细菌多样性研究的基础上,综述了趋磁细菌和磁小体的制备、修饰及其应用的最新进展,并对未来的研究进行了展望。

Magnetotactic bacteria( MTB) form intracellular membrane-bounded,nano-sized magnetic iron mineral crystals of either magnetite( Fe3O4) or greigite(Fe3S4) called magnetosomes. These magnetic crystals render MTB cells able to navigate in chemically stratified environments by swimming along the Earth’s magnetic field. MTB are morphologically,physiologically and phylogenetically diverse and are widely distributed in aquatic environments. Cells of MTB and their magnetosome nanoparticles have various novel physical and biological properties that can be exploited in a variety of applications. Here we review the current knowledge on the diversity of MTB and summarize the most recent contributions to the field of applications of MTB cells and magnetosome crystals.