历史表象的背后——啖助新《春秋》学的意识指向及其张力

Behind Written History: The Intention and Tension of Dan Zhu’s New Chun-qiu Interpretation

啖助新《春秋》学从追问孔子为什么删修《春秋》开始,希望揭明孔子寄寓在历史表象中的“微旨”。他们以分析的批判的方法,由时代问题出发,指出历史表象的背后存在着必然之理,即人们对于自己所处时代问题的回应,并由此确立起相应的制度。但在历史的展开中,具有正效应的制度逐渐呈现出负效应,因此需要因时从宜,进行权变。权变不是常人可以根据训条进行判识的,只有圣心足以裁定,而圣心的裁定实际上完全遵从于众人所愿。啖助新《春秋》学通过历史表象背后的理、权、心的赋予,不仅表达了他们的历史观念与政治哲学,而且使旧的经学知识形态转为新的理学知识形态,以充满张力的思想开启了理学。

The new interpretation of Chun-qiu by Dan Zhu(724-770 CE)reveals an inevitable pattern underlying written history.In the process of unfolding history,insofar as the positive effects of certain systems gradually manifest negative effects,flexibility is imperative when establishing systems appropriate to the times.However,it is only the Sage,not ordinary people,who is qualified to flexibly make proper judgments in virtue of real public desires.By clarifying the concepts of“fundamental pattern”(li理),“flexibility”(quan权),and“mind”(xin心)in the written history of Chun-qiu,Dan Zhu’s new interpretation expresses new historical and political philosophical viewpoints,transforming the old knowledge-form of the Confucian Classics into the new knowledge-form of Neo-Confucianism,and powerfully opening up Neo-Confucian discourse.