单链抗体在小分子化学物质残留检测中的研究进展

Research Progress on Detection of Small Molecule Chemical Residues by Single-chain Antibody

兽药、农药及生物毒素等小分子化学物质在食品、饲料或水体中的过量残留对人、动物的健康及生态环境的平衡造成一定程度的危害,因此建立一种针对上述小分子化学物质残留的快速检测方法十分必要。以抗原抗体特异性结合为基础的免疫分析技术是残留检测的常用手段,该技术的关键是制备可用来检测特异性抗原的抗体。随着对抗体结构的解析及重组DNA技术的发展,单链抗体为小分子化学物质的残留检测提供了新的技术手段。单链抗体具有分子质量小、免疫原性低、可塑性强、可批量生产等优点,具有广阔的发展空间。近年来,以单链抗体为基础建立的酶联免疫吸附法检测小分子化学物质的残留检测成为最常用的分析工具,且单链抗体的筛选策略、表达策略、突变策略及与碱性磷酸酶形成的融合蛋白等进一步提高了抗体产量、灵敏度、广谱性,并使免疫分析方法简便化,从而推进单链抗体免疫分析方法在小分子化学物质残留检测的应用。作者综述了以单链抗体为基础的免疫分析方法在兽药、农药及生物毒素等小分子化学物质方面的研究进展,以期为小分子化学物质残留检测提供参考。

Excessive residues of small molecular chemical substances such as veterinary drugs,pesticides and biological toxins in food,feed or water cause a certain degree of harm to human and animal health and the balance of ecological environment.Therefore,it is necessary to establish a rapid detection method for the residue of small molecules.Immunoassay based on specific binding of antigen and antibody is a common method for residue detection.The key of this technique is to prepare antibodies that can be used to detect specific antigens.With the development of antibody structure analysis and recombinant DNA technology,single-chain antibody provide a new technique for the detection of small molecule chemical residues.Single-chain antibody has the advantages of small molecular weight,low immunogenicity,strong plasticity,and mass production,and have broad development space.In recent years,the detection of small molecule chemical residues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on single-chain antibody has become the most commonly used analytical tool.The single-chain antibody screening strategy,expression strategy,mutation strategy and fusion protein with alkaline phosphatase further improve antibody yield,sensitivity,broad spectrum and simplify the immunoassay method,thus promoting single-chain antibody immunoassay method for the detection of small molecule chemical residues.In this paper,recent advances on the application of single-chain antibody-based immunoassay methods in small molecule chemical substances such as veterinary drugs,pesticides and biotoxins are reviewed,aiming at providing reference for detection technology of small molecule chemical residue.