PISA2015科学素养优异学生特点比较——基于PISA2015中国四省市、美国和日本学生的数据

Comparison of the Excellent Students in Science literacy between B-S-J-G(China), United States and Japan:Based on PISA2015 Data

PISA2015报告指出,科学素养优异学生的比例代表国家(地区)未来的科学竞争力。PISA2015科学成绩表现优异学生的绝对数量占比结果显示,美国、中国四省市和日本三国学生依次排名前3名,本研究分别比较了这些学生在科学能力和知识掌握、关于科学的认识论信念、科学态度,以及影响学生科学素养的个人、学校和家庭相关因素等方面的共性与差异。结果发现,中国四省市科学素养优异学生与美日两国相比,相对优势主要体现在物理系统的知识掌握较好、对广义科学话题的兴趣较高、参与科学活动多、认同合作的价值等,中国四省市学生的相对弱势主要体现在对科学的认识论信念较低、未来愿意从事科学事业比例较低、学习科学的乐趣和对科学的自我效能较低等。学校和家庭相关因素方面,中国四省市的相对优势体现在学校科学教师师资力量强、教师公平对待学生、学生感受到的教师反馈多等,中国四省市的相对弱势体现在学生每周科学学习时间长、学生的学校归属感较低,科学课纪律氛围有待改进等。美国优异学生的家庭经济社会文化地位最高,其次是日本,中国四省市最低。基于此,提出PISA2015对于我国培养科技创新人才的启示。

The PISA 2015 report points out that the proportion of students with excellent scientific literacy represents the future scientific competitiveness of the country(region). In this study, the top three absolute numbers of excellent students in science literacy PISA 2015 was selected as in the list, which is United States, B-S-J-G(China) and Japan. The students’ scientific ability and knowledge mastery, epistemological beliefs about science, scientific attitudes, and the related factors from individual, family and schools were compared. The results showed that the comparative advantages of students in B-S-J-G(China) with excellent scientific literacy are mainly reflected in their better knowledge of physical systems, higher interest in broad scientific topics, more participation in scientific activities and recognition of the value of cooperation, etc. The relative disadvantage of Chinese students is mainly reflected in their inadequate knowledge of life systems. The epistemological belief in science is low, the proportion of people willing to engage in scientific careers in the future is low, and the self-efficacy of science is low. In terms of school and family-related factors,the comparative advantages of China education are reflected in its strong scientific teachers, fair treatment of students by teachers, and more feedback from teachers. The relative weakness of China education is reflected in the long learning time per week for students in science, the low sense of belonging of students in schools, and the need to change the disciplinary atmosphere of science courses et al.The family economic, social and cultural status of excellent students in the United States is the highest, followed by Japan and China.Based on it, the enlightenment of PISA 2015 to the cultivation of scientific and technologically innovative talents in China is put forward.