青海互助县金禅口遗址发掘简报

Excavation of Jinchankou Site in Huzhu County of Qinghai

2012年7月至9月,为探索麦类作物和外来畜养动物的传播途径,青海省文物考古研究所对位于青海互助土族自治县加定镇加塘村的金禅口遗址进行了考古发掘。共揭露齐家文化时期房址5座、灰坑15个、墓葬1座和陶窑2座,出土陶器、石器、骨器、铜器、木器等200多件及大量动、植物遗存。本文对其中的典型遗存进行了详细介绍。通过与邻近地区的同类文化遗存进行比照,本遗址出土的齐家文化典型器型与其存在许多相似之处。选取炭化植物种子10个样品,小麦、大麦、粟和黍,经北京大学考古文博学院碳十四实验室进行测年,数据结果的年代范围在2200~1750BC。综合考虑基本上反映了金禅口遗址齐家文化聚落的绝对年代。遗址中出土的众多细石器和大量动物骨骼反映了发达的畜牧业和狩猎经济。而通过对遗址中采集的土样轻浮物进行鉴定,显示碳化农作物种子10163粒,占出土碳化植物种子总数的90.4%,表明采集业是当时经济生活的重要补充,但农业仍是主要的生计方式。由此可见,金禅口遗址所处的自然环境决定了齐家文化时期先民的生业模式复杂多样。

To explore the transmission route of triticeae crops and exotic domesticated animals,Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted an excavation at the Jinchankou site in Jiatang Village in Jiading Town of Huzhu Autonomous County of Tu Ethnic Group from July to September 2012.The uncovered remains of Qijia culture period include 5 house foundations,15 ash-pits,1 burial,2 pottery-kilns and more than 200 artifacts involving ceramics,stone wares,bone tools,bronze wares,wooden wares,and a wide range of animal and plant remains.This paper introduces the typical remains in detail.In comparison among Jinchankou site and similar cultural remains from neighboring areas,many similarities have been found in typical Qijia Culture vessel types.Ten samples of carbonized plant seeds,including wheat,barley,Setariaitalica and broomcorn millet,were selected and dated to 2200 BC to 1750 BC,by the Carbon-14 Laboratory of School of Archaeology and Museology,Peking University,basically reflecting the absolute chronology of the Qijia cultural settlement at this site.A slew of microlith and animal bones suggest developed animal husbandry and hunting economy.Through the identification of the soil samples collected from the site,10,163 carbonized seeds of crops were found,account for 90.4%of the total number of carbonized plant seeds uncovered,indicating that gathering was an important supplement to the economic life at that time,while agriculture was still the main way of livelihood.Thus,it can be seen that the natural environment of Jinchankou site determined the complex and varied living patterns of the ancestors of Qijia culture.