补充性商业保险中的投保歧视:社会排斥及其再生产——以残疾人投保困境为例

Discrimination in Supplementary Commercial Insurance:Social Exclusion and Its Reproduction

国家政策的支持和引导赋予了商业保险相对于社会保障制度的补充保障功能,但在现实生活中,以养老和医疗为导向的补充性商业保险并未充分履行其职责,反而存在对弱势群体的投保歧视,加大了社会福利在弱势群体与普通社会成员间的不平等分配。以残疾人投保为案例,通过半结构式访谈和参与式观察的实证研究发现,其在投保过程中的困境表现为风险评估环节的歧视,以及由此导致的较高概率的拒保和投保渠道的阻碍。借助社会排斥理论分析可知,这种投保歧视来源于社会排斥及其再生产过程,即文化排斥和福利排斥共同引发对残疾人的身份歧视,造成风险评估和服务环节的不公平对待,使其投保出现困境,由此强化了其弱势地位,并再生产出新的社会排斥。为解决这一问题,需借助政府干预以消除文化排斥和福利排斥对弱势群体的身份歧视,并强化商业保险的补充保障职责,有效阻断社会排斥及其再生产过程,切实保障不同群体通过市场获得商业补充保障的权利。

With the support and guidance of the national policies,commercial insurance has been endowed with the obligation of being the supplement for social security system.However,in reality,supplementary commercial insurance such as medical insurance and commercial pension has not fully played its role,w hile discrimination often occurs with vulnerable groups insuring,leading to unequal distribution of social welfare among ordinary people and the disadvantaged group.Taking the case of the disabled as the research subjects,we used semi-structured interview and participating observation to have found that discrimination in risk assessment,leads to high-rate declining and obstacles of having an insurance for the disabled.With analysis based on the theory of social exclusion we can see that the discriminations are derived from the reproduction process of social exclusion.The combination of cultural and welfare exclusion has led to the discrimination on the identity of disabled people,unfair treatment in the process of risk assessment and series of inequality in service,generating new social exclusions and making the disabled a disadvantaged group.Therefore,it is necessary for the government to eliminate both cultural and welfare exclusion for vulnerable groups,to strengthen the obligation of commercial insurance as the supplement of social security system,and to effectively prevent social exclusion and its reproduction,so as to guarantee the rights of different groups in getting supplementary commercial insurance.