利用生物多样性控制作物害虫的理论与实践

Theory and practice of utilizing biodiversity to enhance pest control in agroecosystems

生物多样性是人类可持续发展的重要基础,保护和利用生物多样性是国际社会普遍关注的问题。近年来,通过改善农田生物多样性和强化农田生态系统保益控害的服务功能,实现作物病虫害生态调控已成为国内外研究的热点。本文在总结分析国内外利用生物多样性控制害虫理论研究和实际应用的基础上,综述了该领域的研究进展、实践成果和发展前景。文中介绍了生物多样性的基本概念及其与害虫综合治理的关系,系统概述了利用农田生物多样性控制作物害虫的各种理论假说,包括天敌假说、资源集中假说、联合抗性假说、"推-拉"假说、中度复杂假说、景观缓冲假说等;从提高天敌多样性、作物多样性、非作物多样性和景观多样性等方面综合评述了利用农田生物多样性控制作物害虫的应用实践,重点介绍了我国的一些典型的实际应用案例,旨在充分展示中国昆虫学科技工作者在该领域做出的贡献;针对现代农业集约化经营导致农田生态系统结构简单、农田生物多样性不断下降等特点,对如何以农田景观为单元进一步做好利用生物多样性控制作物害虫的理论研究和应用实践进行了讨论和展望。

The effective utilization of biodiversity for sustainable development and conservation is a universal concern.In recent years,ecological pest management has become a hot topic at home and abroad because it can improve biodiversity and enhance ecosystem services through biological control in agroecosystems.This paper presents an overview of the progress and practice of rational utilization of biodiversity to enhance pest control,and future prospects for this approach,based on achievements in China and other countries.We first describe the basic concept of biodiversity and its association with integrated pest management,then introduce theoretical hypotheses on utilizing biodiversity to control crop pests including the natural enemy,resource concentration,associational resistance,“push-pull”,moderate complexity and landscape buffer,hypotheses.Finally,we provide an overview of the practical application of improving biodiversity to support pest control,focusing on some previously reported examples in China to reflect contributions made by Chinese entomologists.Given that modern agricultural intensification has increasingly led to the simplification of agroecosystems and a decline in biodiversity,we discuss in some detail the potential for facilitating both theoretical research and the practical application of biodiversity to further improve landscape level pest control.