我们能够拥有什么权利？

What Rights Can We Have?

权利在当代社会的公共讨论中是一个核心概念,但是也经常发生对权利概念的误用或滥用。因此,我们需要澄清一个关键问题:我们能够拥有什么权利?基于霍菲尔德的权利分析以及哈特的权利分类,我们可以把权利分为"自由权"与"要求权"。"自由权"属于一般权利,它是针对所有人的,即所有人都负有不得干涉的义务。各种各样的特殊权利则都属于"要求权",它是针对特定人的,即某些特定的个人对权利拥有者负有某种相对应的义务。权利是需要根据的:"自由权"的根据是自由的价值,而自由是当代社会最重要的政治价值之一;"要求权"的根据则可以分为三种,它们或者基于承诺的契约关系,或者基于自然的亲属关系,或者基于某些人的特殊处境。

Rights are a key concept of the public discussion in contemporary society,but they frequently are misused and overused.So,we have to clarify an important question:What rights can we have?Based on W.N.Hohfeld’s analysis of rights and H.L.A.Hart’s classification of rights,we may divide rights into two kinds,that are"liberty rights"and"demand rights"."Liberty rights"belong to general right that is pointedat all persons,rights of which everyone has the obligation not to interfere.All kinds of particular rights belong to"demand rights"that is pointed at some special person,which one have the corresponding obligation to the holder of rights.Rights need to have some bases:the basis of"liberty rights"is the value of freedom,which is one of the most important political values in modern society;the bases of"demand rights"may divided into three kinds,that they are either based on the commitment of contractual relationship,or based on the natural relations of kins folk,or on the particular positions of someone.