救助的扩展:农村居家社区养老服务的发展路径——以北京市为例

Expansion of Assistance: Development Paths of Home-Based Community Elderly Service in Rural China——Taking Beijing City as an Example

以北京为样本,农村居家社区养老服务发展可以概括为两条主线、三个阶段和三类主要模式。两条主线为救助-适度普惠福利服务和居家-社区福利服务,三个阶段指由自发性的帮扶救助到村两委主导再到混合化运营,三类模式包括纯居家互助服务模式、互助服务+就餐模式、互助服务+综合模式。总体而言,农村居家社区养老服务应该是非营利定位的,互助服务是农村居家社区养老服务发展的关键,其发展路径可以概括为:分阶段、分类型地扩展救助型福利服务和适度普惠型福利服务;由福利的国家责任向国家、社会合作(发动社会参与,进行资金和服务互助)转变;由设施建设向服务供给转变;构建农村互助共同体等。

Taking Beijing as the sample,the development of China’s rural home-based community elderly service can be summarized into two main lines,three stages,and three main models.The two main lines are assistance+moderate universal welfare service,home+community welfare service.The three stages refer to the voluntary assistance,village collective leadership and mixed operation.The three models include pure voluntary home service,voluntary service+dining model,and voluntary service+comprehensive model.In general,China’s rural home-based community elderly care service should be non-profit oriented,and voluntary service is the key point.The paths of development are:increasing assistance and moderate universal benefit by stages and types;shifting from state responsibility for welfare to state and social cooperation(involving social participation and mutual assistance in funding and services);transformation from facility construction to service supply and building rural mutual aid welfare economy.