从《缁衣集传》看晚明君民伦理的重构

On the Reconstruction of the Ethics of Monarch and People in Late Ming Dynasty from The Variorum of Zi-Yi

古代《缁衣》诠释史上唯一一部单篇别行的著作《缁衣集传》,是晚明闽籍大儒黄道周后期的经学著作,集中阐释关于君民伦理关系的四种比喻。通过天爱日月之喻,黄道周主张君民之间情感相通,互相亲爱。但这并不意味着亲密到亵狎的程度,所以君主应保持敬慎,对天下事物须考虑周密,这就是舟水之喻的道理。基于此,黄道周扬弃与超越了以往对山地之喻与心体之喻的认识,提出君民之间最好的状态是君民同构、感通、平等。面对明代以来政治上的"阳儒阴法"问题,作为一代醇儒的黄道周力图剥除"阴法"而恢复纯粹的儒家颜色。他的政治主张虽然不出传统儒家政治思想的大框架,不像清初思想家对秦汉以来的政治制度提出猛烈的批判,但是他强调臣民的政治主体性,已经产生明显的平等观念,体现了明末时期新民本思想的特点。

The Variorum of Zi-Yi is the only book in the history of the ancient Chinese Zi-Yi interpretation of a single book. The Variorum of Zi-Yi is a classic study of Confucianism of Huang Daozhou from Fujian in the late Ming Dynasty.The Variorum of Zi-Yi focuses on explaining four metaphors about the ethical relationship between the monarch and the people. Through the metaphor of love for the sun and the moon, Huang Daozhou advocates that the emperor and the people are emotionally connected and love each other. But this does not mean that the monarch and the people are intimate to the extent of obscenity, so the monarch should be cautious and consider the things in the world carefully. Based on this, Huang Daozhou surpassed the previous understanding of the metaphor of the mountain and ground, and the mind and body. He proposed that the best state between the monarch and the people is homogeneous, sympathetic and equal. Facing the political situation since the Ming Dynasty, Huang Daozhou as a generation of Confucianists tried to strip the legalism and restore pure Confucianism. Although his political views fell within the general framework of traditional Confucian political thought, unlike thinkers in the early Qing Dynasty, who fiercely criticized the political system since the Qin and Han Dynasties. Huang emphasized that the subjectivity of the subject’s political subjectivity has produced a clear concept of equality, which demonstrates the characteristics of the new people-based thinking in the late Ming Dynasty.