简论清代北京内三旗所属内务府商人

The Preliminary Comment on the Merchants from the Three Banners of Imperial Household Department

内三旗商人是内务府商人的一种,主要来源于上三旗的汉姓包衣。北京内三旗商人的主要工作是为内务府买卖物资以及增殖库银。北京内三旗商人中只有极少数的商人家庭在国家经济运作中起到举足轻重的作用,绝大多数是不见于史册的小商人,但其商业活动维持了内府经济的正常运转。内务府在顺治朝已开始设置商人,至康熙朝初步形成商人的管理条例,但管理松散,商人数量膨大。经过雍正朝的整治,至乾隆朝内三旗商人仅剩若干家,王氏的破产代表北京内三旗商人彻底衰落。内务府对商人的管理方式以及管理理念均不利于商人的发展,在内务府的不断盘剥下,商人无利可图,最终不免破产的命运。

The merchants that came from three banners of the Imperial Household Department( Nei-wu-fu) were a kind of Imperial Household Department merchants. They were mainly chosen from the servants of the upper three banners. There were two main jobs of these merchants in Beijing: firstly,purchasing and selling goods for the Imperial Household Department,and secondly,increasing the asset of the imperial treasury. Only a few families played an important role in economy. Most of these merchants were small merchants who had not been recorded in history,but their business activities maintain the normal operation of the imperial court economy. Imperial Household Department began to set merchants since the Shunzhi Period,and initially formed a regulation for them in the Kangxi Period. With a loose management,the explosion of the merchants in this period caused a series of problems. After the renovation in the Yongzheng Period,only a few giant merchants survived in the Qianlong Period. Neither the practice nor the idea of the administration by the Imperial Household Department was conducive to the development of the merchants. With the continuous exploitation by the Imperial Household Department,the merchants had little profit and inevitably went bankrupt.