法学知识的跨国旅行——马建忠和19世纪末的法国法学

An Experience of Organic Transplant of Legal Knowledge

清末名臣马建忠1877年到1879年间留学法国,在自由政治学院和巴黎法学院学习,并取得法学学士学位。在他阐述自己法律观的重要作品《法律探源》及其他一些文本中,马建忠表达了自己对实用主义哲学的青睐、对家长制家庭的维护和一种多元主义的法律渊源观。政治学院的考试和授课记录说明政治学院为他提供了在时间和空间维度灵活随机应变的实用主义训练。法学院中天主教自然法对以巴黎为中心的立法至上主义的挑战则为马建忠提供了多元法律渊源、超越法律文义的解释方法,以及一种保守的天主教价值观。马建忠在19世纪末的特殊时刻,置身于法国法学革新和政治变革的中心,在拣选和理解不同理论时表现出了高度的洞察力。他对法国法学知识的移植证明,当时前往国外学习的中国青年精英带着强烈的批判和自主精神。

Ma Jianzhong,an important diplomate and scholar in the Late Qing Dynastie,studied in l’Ecole libre des sciences politiques and Paris Law Faculty from 1877 to 1879.In his legal writings,Ma defended a pragmatic philosophy of law,a patriarchal family model,and a pluralist theory of sources of law.We can trace the origin of his thought in the training he had in Paris.From the archives kept in Sciences Po,we reconstruct the pragmaticism as a guiding idea of the courses and exams in l’Ecole libre des sciences politiques.Meanwhile,the transformation of French legal scholarship equipped him with legal pluralism,methodes of interpretation,as well as catholic values.Situating in the middle of political and legal turbulence of the late 19 th Century France,Ma demonstrated marvelous clarity in comprehending and selecting between competing theories.The transplant of French dotrine that he made proves that the Chinese young elites in Europe are not merely recipients of fancy stories,but connoisseurs with critical spirit and autonomy.