锂稀有金属在二次电池中的应用

Application of Lithium Rare Metal in Rechargeable Batteries

稀有金属锂是锂离子电池的核心元素,锂元素以锂金属氧化物的形式构成了不同空间结构(层状、橄榄石和尖晶石型)的电池正极材料,锂盐构成了电解质的主要成分,金属锂构成了锂离子电池的负极,锂离子通过电解质在正负极之间的嵌入和脱出实现了化学能和电能之间的转化。锂元素构成的不同结构的正极材料在成本、能量、动力、寿命、安全性这5个电池的核心指标上各有优势;不同种类的锂盐在热稳定性、离子迁移率、成本等方面各有千秋;锂金属负极与电解液之间的副反应是锂金属面临的一个主要问题。基于此,本文总结了锂资源储量、分布及应用结构,并基于国内外的研究现状,综合评述了不同结构类型的锂金属氧化物的特点、优势及存在的问题和相应的解决措施,归纳不同锂盐的特点,总结了锂金属作为负极的发展、优势及其存在的问题及相应解决方法,并分析了当今锂离子电池迫切需求的发展方向,预测锂金属对未来科技发展的重要性。

Lithium rare metal is the core of the lithium ion battery. Lithium ions in the form of lithium metal oxide with different spatial structure(layered, olivine and spinel) constitutes cathode material of lithium ion batteries. Lithium salts make up the bulk of the electrolyte. Lithium metal forms the anode of battery. The processes of lithium ions insertion and extraction between the cathode and anode through electrolyte can realize the energy conversion between chemical energy and electric energy. The cathode materials composed of lithium elements with different structures have their own advantages in the five core indicators of battery including cost, energy, power, life and safety. Different kinds of lithium salts have their own advantages in thermal stability, ion mobility and cost. Side reactions between anode and electrolyte are one of the major problems for lithium metal. Herein, this paper summarized the reserves, distribution and application fields of lithium resources. Based on the research status at home and abroad, a comprehensive review was given on the characteristics, advantages and existing problems of different types of lithium metal oxide. The development, advantages, existing problems and corresponding solutions of the lithium metal as the batteries anodes were also summarized. The characteristics of different lithium salts summed up as well. Meanwhile, the development direction of lithium ion battery was analyzed. The importance of lithium metal to the development for future science and technology was predicted.