摘要
稀有金属锂是锂离子电池的核心元素,锂元素以锂金属氧化物的形式构成了不同空间结构(层状、橄榄石和尖晶石型)的电池正极材料,锂盐构成了电解质的主要成分,金属锂构成了锂离子电池的负极,锂离子通过电解质在正负极之间的嵌入和脱出实现了化学能和电能之间的转化。锂元素构成的不同结构的正极材料在成本、能量、动力、寿命、安全性这5个电池的核心指标上各有优势;不同种类的锂盐在热稳定性、离子迁移率、成本等方面各有千秋;锂金属负极与电解液之间的副反应是锂金属面临的一个主要问题。基于此,本文总结了锂资源储量、分布及应用结构,并基于国内外的研究现状,综合评述了不同结构类型的锂金属氧化物的特点、优势及存在的问题和相应的解决措施,归纳不同锂盐的特点,总结了锂金属作为负极的发展、优势及其存在的问题及相应解决方法,并分析了当今锂离子电池迫切需求的发展方向,预测锂金属对未来科技发展的重要性。
Lithium rare metal is the core of the lithium ion battery. Lithium ions in the form of lithium metal oxide with different spatial structure(layered, olivine and spinel) constitutes cathode material of lithium ion batteries. Lithium salts make up the bulk of the electrolyte. Lithium metal forms the anode of battery. The processes of lithium ions insertion and extraction between the cathode and anode through electrolyte can realize the energy conversion between chemical energy and electric energy. The cathode materials composed of lithium elements with different structures have their own advantages in the five core indicators of battery including cost, energy, power, life and safety. Different kinds of lithium salts have their own advantages in thermal stability, ion mobility and cost. Side reactions between anode and electrolyte are one of the major problems for lithium metal. Herein, this paper summarized the reserves, distribution and application fields of lithium resources. Based on the research status at home and abroad, a comprehensive review was given on the characteristics, advantages and existing problems of different types of lithium metal oxide. The development, advantages, existing problems and corresponding solutions of the lithium metal as the batteries anodes were also summarized. The characteristics of different lithium salts summed up as well. Meanwhile, the development direction of lithium ion battery was analyzed. The importance of lithium metal to the development for future science and technology was predicted.
作者
梁媛
赵景腾
韩志杰
尉海军
Liang Yuan;Zhao Jingteng;Han Zhijie;Yu Haijun(College of Materials Sciences and Engineering,Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials,Education Ministry of China,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China)
出处
《稀有金属》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第11期1187-1203,共17页
Chinese Journal of Rare Metals
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51622202)资助
关键词
稀有金属锂
锂离子
电池
电极
锂盐
lithium rare metal
lithium ion
battery
electrode
Li-salt