“以学生为中心”视角下美国一流研究型大学本科人才培养的特征研究

Research on the Characteristics of Undergraduate Talent Cultivation in American First-class Research Universities from the Perspective of “Student-centered”

"以人为本",高质量本科人才培养是"双一流"建设的核心内涵。"以学生为中心"的视角下分析美国本科人才培养的特征,能够为我国高校本科人才培养提供深刻的启示和借鉴。以美国六所一流研究型大学的生物医学工程学科为例,对美国高校本科人才培养进行体系化分析,发现其具有三个独特的特征:以学生发展为中心,发展导向确立培养目标;以学习效果为中心,培养目标导向确定能力培养要素;以学生学习为中心,培养要素导向反向设计课程体系及相应的教学活动。这从三个方面给我国高校本科人才培养提供了启示和借鉴:培养目标寄予学生高期望;要素设置给予学生充分选择权;设置顶峰课程或项目、提供本科生科研机会,构建多元开放的课程体系。

"Based on undergraduate", high-quality undergraduate talent training is the core connotation of"Double First-Class" university plan in China. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of American undergraduate talent training based on the perspective of "student-centered", which could provide profound enlightenment and reference for Chinese undergraduate talent training. Based on the systematic analysis of undergraduate talents training mode which took biomedical engineering of six high-level research universities in the United States as example, this study found that it has the following three characteristics: focusing on students’ development to establish the development-oriented training objectives;focusing on the learning effect to determine target-oriented ability cultivation elements;focusing on students’ learning ability to determine the training elements that reversely designs the curriculum system. These characteristics provide the following three aspects of inspiration and reference for Chinese undergraduate talent training: setting the training goal which gives high expectation of students;setting training elements which enables students full choice;setting up capstone courses or provide research opportunities to build a diversified and open curriculum system.