小胶质细胞的发育调控

Microglia Development

小胶质细胞最初被del Rio-Hortega定义。作为中枢神经系统的巨噬细胞,小胶质细胞的正常功能对于清除凋亡细胞、修剪突触、抵御病原微生物、维持神经系统稳态及促进神经组织的修复再生等起着不可或缺的重要作用,也在多种神经系统疾病,如神经退行性疾病等的发生发展中扮演重要角色。因此,一直以来科研工作者都努力探析关于小胶质细胞发育的多个重要问题,如它们的来源、向CNS迁移与定植的路径、分化与成熟的形态功能改变和微环境调控机理、不同亚类的分布和与神经细胞相互作用的角色机制等。该篇综述将回顾关于小胶质细胞发育研究的历史,总结近来关于小胶质细胞的起源、向CNS的定植、分化与成熟的分子机制及其对CNS重要功能等的研究进展,并讨论今后的重点关注方向。

Microglia were initially defined by Dr.del Rio-Hortega.As a tissue resident macrophage in the central nervous system(CNS),microglia serve as soldiers to proctect the CNS enviroment,including removing apoptotic cells,pruning synapses,clearing pathogenic microorganisms,maintaining the homeostasis and promoting the recovery and regeneration of the CNS tissues after injury.It also has functions in the progress of nervous system disorders,such as neurodegenerative diseases.Therefore,researchers paid great efforts to investigate the cellulor and moleculor mechanisms underlying microglia development,such as when and where they are originated,how they migrate and colonize to the CNS,what is the significance of their morphological and functional changes in the CNS niches and what are the key molecules given by the microenvironment to regulate their differentiation and maturation,how many subclasses of them exist,and how they are distributed and interacted with neurons,and so on.In this review,we retrospectthe history of microglia development,summarize the recent progress on study of the origin,colonization,differentiation,maturation and functons of microglia.We also discuss the focusedpoints in the future.