“多无一体”的困境:我国养老服务体系的一个理解路径

The Dilemma of“Integrating Plurality”:An Approach to Understanding the Elderly Care System of China

我国养老服务模式的特点是政府主导下的“多元一体”,即“多元”参与者从属于政府主导的“一体”。这一模式的背景是我国在快速老龄化的过程中,政府、市场、社会多元主体的“缺失”。因此21世纪初开始了政府主动发育市场和社会的“社会福利社会化”的过程。但是目前仍存在市场发育和社会发育的困境:市场困境的主要问题在于公共筹资的不足导致没有形成足够购买力的市场,以及公共资源的配置结构造成公平性欠缺;而社会困境的主要问题则在于政府发育出的社会仍有更多行政化的特点,而缺乏一定程度的独立性。足够的筹资和恰当的支付方式,以及一定程度的独立,是走出困境的关键。

The elderly care system of China has been characterized as“integrating plurality”:the plural roles are inte grated by and subordinated to the government.The background of this model is the“absence”of the pluralistic participants of the government,the market,and the society in the process of rapid aging of China.Therefore,at the beginning of the 21st century,the government began to establish a pluralist welfare system by leading and supporting the development of market and society.However,there are currently dilemmas in both processes:the main problem of market dilemma is that the lack of public financing leads to the one with insufficient purchasing power,as well as the inappropriate financing struc ture which causes an unfair outcome;and the development of society has faced the problem mainly about its subordinating position to government,which makes it incapable of participating in the policy-making process.