官祀滥觞与民祀在场:白族段赤城信仰的仪式表征与社会整合

History of Official Sacrifice and Presence of Folk Sacrifice: The Ritual Representation and Social Integration of Duanchicheng Worship of the Bai Nationality in Dali

中国社会如何通过多元的宗教整合,实现所谓的"一体化",历来是人类学研究的重点。大理白族段赤城信仰滥觞于古代官方权威对地方神祇的关照,是政治结构化的宗教映射。但在具体的宗教实践中,民祀活动却从未缺场,并在历史流变中逐渐成为主流。在段赤城信仰中,官方传统和民间力量同时存在,互为因果,并体现在溯祖、渡魂、分水等问题上,胶着于一系列仪式表征中的各种文化元素,成为地方社会自我形塑的重要构件。在国家对地方宗教的整合过程中,地方的社会治理与秩序建构得以在官方传统和民间力量的合力之下折中实现,而在当下的社会情境中,这种合力也在通过对仪式的操演生产新的象征意义。

The realization of the unity of Chinese society through the integration of multi-religions has always been the focus of anthropological research.Duanchicheng Worship of the Bai nationality in Dali originated from the official decree on the hero Duan Chicheng,and is a religious reflection of the political structure.However,in the religious practice,folk sacrificial activities have always existed,and gradually flourished.Duanchicheng Worship reflects the coexistence of both official tradition and folk power as well as a causal relationship,which finds expression in the following: ancestral worship,salvation of souls,and power relations,and becomes the key element for the formation of a local society composed of various cultural elements embodied in a series of rituals.In the integration of the local religions by the state,the official tradition and the folk power combine to realize the local order and social governance.In the current social context,this combined force also creates new symbolic meanings through the continuation of the rituals.