法的一般理论及其在中国的发展

The General Theory of Law and Its Development in China

法的一般理论作为法学研究的独立分支起源于19世纪中后叶的德国,并在英美和其他国家得到广泛扩散和发展。在前苏联,经过马克思主义哲学的改造,它从一种分析法理论转型为一种社会法理论。中国法理学界对于法的一般理论的继受与发展经过了上个世纪50年代至60年代初对苏联学说的全面继受、80年代初至90年代末期的反思与突破,以及90年代末至今的开放与创新三个阶段,并逐步让位于法哲学和其他交叉学科的研究范式。以法律关系学说的变迁为线索进行梳理总结,可以发现,中国的法的一般理论研究与中国法治实践和法学进步的历史进程休戚相关,在总体框架上深受"苏联学说+民法原型"模式的影响,在研究方法上从采取单一进路开始显现出多种方法合力的端倪。法的一般理论远远没有成为"历史的遗迹",深化对它的研究应成为未来中国法理学的重要着力点。

The general theory of law, as an independent branch of legal research, originated in Germany in the middle and late 19 th Century, and has been widely spread and developed in Britain, America and other countries. In the Soviet Union, converted by Marxist philosophy, it transformed from an analytical legal theory to a social legal theory. The Chinese jurisprudence goes through three stages in succeeding and developing the general theory of law, i.e., the overall transplantation of Soviet legal theories from the 1950 s to the early 1960 s, the reflection and breakthrough from the early 1980 s to the late 1990 s, and the openness and innovation from the late 1990 s to present. The general theory of law gradually gives way to research paradigms of legal philosophy and other interdisciplinary subjects. Taking the change of the doctrine of legal relations as a clue to summarize, we can find that the study of the general theory of law in China is closely related to the historical process of Chinese practice in the rule of law and legal progress. It is deeply influenced by the model of "Soviet theory plus civil law prototype" in the overall framework, and in terms of research methods, it begins to show the clue of joint efforts of various methods since the application of the single approach. The general theory of law is far from becoming a "relic of history", and deepening the research on it should become an important focus of Chinese jurisprudence in the future.