中国科技政策网络分析:行动者、网络结构与网络互动

Policy Network Analysis of China’s Science and Technology Policy:Actors,Network Structure and Network Interaction

科技政策既是指导我国科技事业发展的战略准则,也为"大众创业、万众创新"提供引导和制度保障。政策网络作为政策研究中的一种权威分析路径,对分析影响政策效果的重要结构性要素具有较强的解释力。政策网络的研究主要分为"利益集团的协调"和"治理"两种流派,前者关注政策制定过程中利益集团与国家之间的复杂结构关系和这种结构关系是如何影响政策过程和政策结果的;后者从治理的角度出发,政策网络被认为是一种治理模式,它经常被用于调整行动者之间的互动关系和网络结构,从而有利于政策结果的产出。要全面了解我国科技政策的现状和挖掘其制定和实施过程中存在的问题,需要对其中行动者的结构关系进行分析,寻找调整行动者网络关系的途径,从而建立"利益协调-治理"的分析框架,厘清我国科技政策中政策网络类型、行动者类型间网络利益关系,并提出相关治理策略。通过收集我国各级政府制定的科技政策文本,在政策网络理论的指导下分析科技政策中的行动者,总结政策社群、专业网络、府际网络、生产者网络和议题网络五种网络类型的主要行动者,揭示行动者之间的结构与互动关系,并在此基础上提出治理对策。

The science and technology policy is not only a strategic criterion to guide the development of China’s science and technology,but also provides guidance and institutional guarantee for"Widespread Entrepreneurship and Innovation".Policy network,as an authoritative analysis path in policy research,has a strong explanatory power for analyzing important structural elements that affect the policy effect.The research of policy network is mainly divided into two schools:"coordination of interest groups"and"governance".The former focuses on the complex structural relationship between interest groups and countries in the process of policy making and how this structural relationship affects the policy process and policy results;the latter,from the perspective of governance,is considered as a governance model,which is often used to adjust actors,the interaction between them and the network structure are conducive to the output of policy results.To fully understand the current status of China’s science and technology policy and explore the problems existing in its formulation and implementation,this paper believes that it is necessary to analyze the structural relationships of actors and find ways to adjust the network relationships of actors.We establish a"coordination of interests-governance"analysis framework to clarify the network interest relationship between policy network types and actor types in China’s science and technology policy,and put forward relevant governance strategies.This paper collects the science and technology policy texts made by the governments at all levels in China,analyzes the actors in science and technology policy under the guidance of the policy network theory,reveals the structure and interaction between the actors by summarizing the main actors of five types of network:policy community network,professional network,intergovernmental network and issue network,and puts forward the governance countermeasures on this basis.