从形式人类学到社会有机体——霍耐特批判的社会哲学之解析

From Formal Anthropology to Social Organism:On Honneth’s Critical Social Philosophy

在近十多年中,霍耐特不断尝试建构一种批判的社会哲学。建构批判的社会哲学需要回答规范性基础问题、识别问题、转型问题。以这三类问题为线索,可以清晰梳理霍耐特的批判的社会哲学及其所遭遇的理论困难。霍耐特早期的《社会病理学》以形式人类学为基础,回答了规范性基础问题,但却忽视了识别问题与转型问题。在其新著《自由的权利》中,他利用规范性重构的方法重新框定了社会病理现象,把它们限定在法律自由与道德自由领域中。然而,这种限定影响了对识别与转型问题的回答,前者变为对个体病理的诊断,后者则变为对个体的再教育。同时,强调过度法治化对个体病理的影响,也会造成病理对象指涉的不明确性。霍耐特的最新研究回答了社会病理对象的指涉问题,同时试图利用社会有机体思想限定社会病理现象,但是仍然遗留了一些值得继续思考的问题。

For the last ten years, Axel Honneth has been trying to construct a critical social philosophy, which needs to answer the questions of normative foundation, identification, and transformation. Using these three questions as clues, Honneth’s critical social philosophy and the theoretical difficulties it encounters can be clearly sorted out. Honneth’s early Social Pathology, based on formal anthropology, answered the question of normative foundation, but ignored the questions of identification, and transformation. In his recent book, Freedom’s Right, he reframed the phenomena of social pathology by using the method of normative reconstruction, limiting them to the field of legal freedom and moral freedom. However, this limitation has affected the answer to the questions of identifications and transformation. The former becomes the diagnosis of individual pathology, while the latter changes into the reeducation of the individual. Meanwhile, emphasizing the influence excessive legalization on individual pathology will also lead to the uncertainty of pathological object. Honneth’s latest research answers the referring question of social pathology, and tries to restrict the phenomena of social pathology by using the theory of social organism, but still leaves some questions unanswered which worth further consideration.