不同施肥措施对植烟土壤及云烟105烤烟病害的影响研究

Effects of Different Fertilization Measures on Tobacco-planting Soil and Disease of Yunyan105

以宣威云烟105烤烟品种为对象,研究了不同施肥措施对其植烟土壤理化性质、微生物数量变化趋势以及烤烟病害和长势的影响,旨在为云烟105提供适宜的施肥方式,充分发挥云烟105的品种优势。结果表明,烤烟在田间的长势有随着复合肥施用量增加而变优的趋势,5个处理均能降低烤烟主要土传病害的发病率,以T3处理的效果最为显著,根黑腐病、黑胫病和根结线虫病分别较CK降低了47.91%、99.66%和23.26%;5个处理均能提升植烟土壤的综合肥力,且以T3和T4处理的效果较好,在烤烟生育期内(团棵期-成熟期)平均综合肥力指数分别较CK提高10.91%、9.38%;与CK相比,T3处理植烟土壤在生育期的平均微生物数量最高,显著高于对照(P<0.05),真菌、细菌和放线菌数量分别较对照提高35.09%、37.24%和22.59%。由此可知,宣威烟区云烟105烤烟品种采用T3处理(15000 kg/hm^2绿肥翻压、4500 kg/hm^2农家肥、360 kg/hm^2有机饼肥、6.0 kg/hm^2硼砂+6.0 kg/hm^2硫酸镁、复合肥按纯氮67.5 kg/hm^2施用)有利于降低烤烟土传病害,协调土壤养分,改善土壤微环境。

In order to apply suitable fertilization measures for Yunyan105 and take its advantages, the effects of different fertilization measures on the physical and chemical properties, microbial quantity of tobacco-planting soil, the disease and growth of the flue-cured tobacco were studied in Xuanwei County. The results showed that the growth of flue-cured tobacco in the field tended to become better with the increase of compound fertilizer application. All the five treatments could reduce the incidence of the main soil-borne diseases of flue-cured tobacco, and T3 treatment had the most significant effect, root black rot. Black shank and root knot nematode diseases were reduced by 47.91%, 99.66% and 23.26% respectively compared with CK. All the 5 treatments could improve the comprehensive fertility of tobacco-planting soil, and T3 and T4 treatments had better effects, compared with CK. The average integrated fertility index in the growing period(resettling stage to mature stage) increased by 10.91% and 9.38%, respectively. Compared with CK, tobacco-growing soil of T3 had the highest average number of microorganisms in the growth period, significantly higher than the control(P<0.05), and the number of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes increased by 35.09%, 37.24% and 22.59% respectively compared with the control. In conclusion, T3 treatment(15000 kg/hm^2 green manure overpressure, 4500 kg/hm^2 farm manure, 360 kg/hm^2 organic cake fertilizer, 6.0 kg/hm^2 borate + 6.0 kg/hm^2 magnesium sulfate, compound fertilizer applied as pure nitrogen 67.5 kg/hm^2) is beneficial to reduce soil-borne disease, coordinate soil nutrients and improve soil microenvironment.