论继承协议制度在我国的立法建构——兼评我国《民法典继承编（草案）》第937条

On the Legislative Construction of Inheritance Agreement System in China——Comment on Article 937 of the Inheritance Part of China’s Civil Code Draft

我国对继承协议制度的立法空白导致司法实践中对被继承人与法定继承人之间就生前抚养与遗产继承事宜达成的协议性质与效力认定不一,造成“同案不同判”现象的产生。在我国民法典继承编起草过程中,确有必要构建符合我国法律体系与司法实践的继承协议制度,以便在守成与创新之间寻得平衡。我国立法语境下的继承协议应指被继承人与法定继承人就生前抚养与遗产继承事宜(包括继承期待权的取得与抛弃)达成的协议。在立法体例上,应将继承协议与遗赠扶养协议做出并列规定。在制度设计上,须针对继承协议的特殊生效要件、法律效力、协议解除事由等构建特殊的规则,以为司法实践提供具体且明确的法律指引。

The lack of legislation on“inheritance agreement”in China has led different courts to make different determinations about the nature and effectiveness of the agreement between the decedents and the legal heirs on the issue of support before death and inheritance,resulting in"different judgments in the same case".When drafting the inheritance part of China’s Civil Code,it is necessary to construct an inheritance agreement system which is in line with China’s legal system and judicial practice,in order to find a balance between conservation and innovation.The inheritance agreement in the context of China’s legislation shall refer to the agreement reached between the decedent and the legal heir on the matters of support before death and inheritance(including the acquisition and abandonment of the expectant right of inheritance).In the legislative style,the inheritance agreement and the legacy-support agreement shall be stipulated in parallel.In the system design,special rules shall be constructed for the special entry requirements,legal effects,and agreement cancellation reasons of the inheritance agreement,so as to provide specific and clear legal guidance for judicial practice.