杂交水稻机械化制种的技术探索与实践

Technology Exploration and Practice of Hybrid Rice Mechanized Seed Production

居高不下的杂交水稻制种成本已经成为制约杂交稻推广应用的主要因素之一。本文详细地分析了国内外杂交水稻机械化制种的现状,总结机械化制种存在的困难和问题,针对我国当前形势和耕作制度的特点,结合多年育种实践,提出了通过培育小粒型不育系,利用不育系与恢复系种子粒型(主要是粒厚)的显著差异,实现父母本混播混收、收获后机械分离获得杂交种子的全程机械化制种设想。提出了适合机械化制种的小粒不育系应具备的性状特征。按此设想,笔者团队选育出了综合性状优良的小粒型不育系卓201S、南3502S、展998S等,并配组了系列高产、优质的杂交稻组合卓两优581、卓两优141、南两优1998等,成功实现这些杂交稻的高效机械化制种。卓201S等小粒型不育系及其系列杂交组合的育成,是杂交水稻机械化制种品种选育的重大突破。

The high cost of hybrid rice seed production has become one of the main factors restricting the popularization and application of hybrid rice. We analyzed the current situation of hybrid rice mechanized seed production at home and abroad, summarized the difficulties and problems existing in mechanized seed production. According to the current situation and the characteristics of farming system in China, and combined with many years of breeding practice, we proposed to utilize a small grain type sterile line suitable for hybrid rice mechanized seed production, and realized mechanized seed production in the whole process by using the difference of seed thickness of parents to realize mixed sowing, mixed harvest and mechanical separation. The characters and standards of small grain CMS lines suitable for mechanized seed production were put forward. According to this assumption, we have selected and bred the small grain CMS lines Zhuo 201 S, Nan 3502 S, Zhan 998 S with excellent comprehensive characters, as well as a series of high-yield and high-quality hybrid rice combinations Zhuoliangyou 581, Zhuoliangyou 141, Nanliangyou 1998, and successfully realized the efficient mechanized seed production of these hybrid rice. The breeding of Zhuo 201 S and other small grain sterile lines and a series of hybrid combinations is a major breakthrough in the breeding of hybrid rice combinations of mechanized seed production.