社会主义现实主义：中国现当代文论的一段问题史

Socialist Realism: A Problem History of the Chinese Modern and Contemporary Literary Theory

社会主义现实主义是苏联文艺学对我国产生长期影响的一个重大理论问题。苏联社会主义现实主义的形成具有丰富的社会历史内容,这一理论命题的产生、发展与消亡,均体现了制度对文学的深刻影响。社会主义现实主义在中国传播活跃了约60年,中国对之的理论接受体现了从最初的推崇、套用到质疑直至反思的历程,在与中国文化化合的过程中,其“社会主义”因素成为其理论的中心要素。社会主义现实主义有其固有的历史价值,但也存在自有的理论迷误。一是政治化和意识形态化倾向,使文学创作游离于文艺规律和美学向度;二是把文学艺术的内容混同于创作方法,也尚未厘清创作方法和文学流派的边界;三是导致作家创作个性与集体话语的两难选择。社会主义现实主义在中国的传播与接受带着特定时代语境的烙印,有其存在的历史意义和价值。中国社会转型后,其因先天局限逐渐消亡最终被新的文艺理论取代,这是中国文化选择的必然结果。

Socialist realism is a significant theoretical problem influenced by the Soviet Union’s literature theory on the Chinese literature.The formation of it in the Soviet Union is deeply related to its society and history.The emergence,development and death of it reflect the deep influence of the system on the literature.Being introduced into China for 60 years,Socialist realism has experienced the stages of advocation,application,questioning and reflection.In the process of integrating with Chinese culture,its socialist factors have become the central element of the theory.Though socialist realism enjoys its historical value,it has its own theoretical problems.The first is its political and ideological trend,which make the literary writing break away from the law of literature and the dimension of aesthetics;the second one is in equating the content of writing with the method of writing,failing to identify the boundary between the writing method and the literature schools;the third is presenting a difficult choice for the writers in preserving their individuality or using the collective discourse.The transmission and acceptance of socialist realism have its time mark,historical meaning and value.After the social transformation,due to its limitation it will eventually die,the replacement of it by the new literature theory is the natural outcome of the Chinese cultural choice.