分析心理学视野下的“自然崇拜”——以史诗《玛纳斯》为例

’The Worship of Nature’ in the Context of Analytical Psychology :Taking Manas as an Example

以"万物有灵"为核心的灵魂信仰是理解史诗《玛纳斯》中自然崇拜现象的关键。"灵魂"在传统的观念中被视为独立于人的实体,以往研究者多遵循这一观念,以自然崇拜还原巫术时代的文化生态,或受宗教社会学影响,将其与低等生产力水平相关联。现代分析心理学另辟蹊径,荣格指出,"灵魂"是集体无意识的情结,这就使"灵魂"从形而上学实体转变为人类精神构图的一部分,对自然崇拜的理解也与建立精神整体性的需求互为表里。分析心理学的方法强调自然崇拜背后集体无意识的感知模式,以此反拨自然祛魅语境下的理性偏执,力图在神与人、自然与自我、无意识他者与意识主体关系基础上构建"整体",这在环境问题和精神危机并发的当下是重读史诗的有益视角。

The belief of soul is the key to understanding the phenomenon of‘the worship of nature’.‘Soul’was seen as the independent entity in the traditional idea,and the former researchers followed this idea,taking‘the worship of nature’as the presentation of primitive culture. Some of them were influenced by religious sociology,relating this phenomenon to the low productivity levels. Modern analytical psychology provides a new way to this problem: Jung regarded‘soul’as the complex of collective unconscious,making‘soul’transforms from the metaphysical entity to part of the human psyche. In this way,the understanding of‘worship of nature’correlates to the need of constructing psychic wholeness. Analytical psychology emphasis on the perceptual mode of collective unconscious which leads to the ‘worship of nature’,compensating the modern rational trend. The goal of analytical psychology is to construct‘unity’between God and human,nature and ego,unconscious other and conscious subject,thus it is a valuable perspective to re-read epic Manas in the context of both environmental and psychological crisis.