社区共管与协调生态保护和可持续发展--基于秦巴山脉区域5个典型案例的分析

Coordinate Conservation with Sustainable Development by Community-Based Co-management:An Analysis of Five Typical Cases in Qinba Mountain Area

社区共管是协调自然保护地生态保护和可持续发展的有效手段。本文通过分析社区共管典型案例的协调路径、成功经验和现状问题,旨在为秦巴山脉自然保护地社区共管机制提出优化建议。笔者通过文献调查、实地考察、专家访谈和比较研究的方法,分析了九寨沟、唐家河、朱鹮、太白山、白水江5个自然保护区社区共管的典型案例。本研究从政府、市场和社会三个角度归纳出社区共管协调保护与发展关系的12种方式,总结了四点成功经验(以政府力量为主导、以多元路径为基础、以区域特征为前提、以机制创新为突破)和四点现状问题(生态产业不健全、社区权能待提高、生态文化欠弘扬、政府支持不到位)。本文从公平与效率、集权与分权、公益与私益三个角度对社区共管进行了理论反思,并从国家、区域和自然保护地三个层面提出了完善秦巴山脉区域自然保护地社区共管机制的建议。

Community-based co-management(CBCM)is considered as an effective approach to coordinate the relations between ecological conservation and sustainable development.This study aims to provide suggestions for optimizing the CBCM system of protected areas in the Qinba Mountain Area by analyzing the coordinated paths,successful experiences,and current issues of typical CBCM cases.By literature review,field investigation,expert interviews,and comparative case studies,we thoroughly analyzed five typical CBCM cases in protected areas in the Qinba Mountain Area,namely Jiuzhaigou,Tangjiahe,Zhuhuan,Taibaishan,and Baishuijiang Nature Reserves.We also summarized 12 coordination approaches of CBCM from the perspectives of government,market,and society;and found 4 successful experiences(leading by government,adopting multiple approaches,reflecting regional characteristics,and making mechanism innovation)as well as 4 major issues(i.e.,incomplete eco-industry,low capability of communities,unrecognized eco-cultures,and insufficient state support).At the theoretical level,we analyzed CBCM from three dimensions,namely equity vs.efficiency,centralization vs.decentralization,and public benefits vs.private interests.And at the practical level,we provided policy recommendations at national,regional,and protected area levels.