农民工教育与职业的匹配及其工资效应——基于城市规模视角

The Matching of Education and Occupation of Migrant Workers and Its Wage Effect: From the Perspective of Urban Scale

农民工教育与职业的匹配状况对提高劳动力资源利用、增加劳动供给质量具有重要意义。本文使用中国流动人口动态监测调查2011~2016年微观数据,基于城市规模视角分析了农民工教育与职业的匹配状况对工资效应的差别。研究发现:人口规模越大的城市,农民工教育与职业的错配比例越高;中小城市农民工教育过度对工资的影响呈现工资嘉赏效应,大城市农民工教育过度对工资的影响以工资惩罚为主;而教育不足对农民工工资则普遍存在负向影响。农民工教育与职业不匹配对工资影响的理论机制表明,中小城市支持人力资本理论模型,而大城市和特大城市则支持分配理论模型。这意味着,农民工在中小城市表现出学历越高人力资本回报越高的特点;而在大城市,教育与职业适配则更为重要。因此,改善城市层面的教育-职业的适配性,让农民工在城市劳动力市场上自由流动和工作转换,进一步增强城市间劳动力资源的流动是相关政策调节的重点。

The matching of education and occupation of migrant workers is of great significance to improve the utilization of labor resources and enhance the quality of labor supply.This article uses the micro data of China Migrants Dynamic Survey(CMDS)from 2011 to 2016 and empirically analyzes the different effect of education-occupation matching on wages from the perspective of urban scale.The results show that the larger the population scale of cities,the higher the mismatch ratio of migrant workers’education and occupation.In small and medium-sized cities,the over-education of migrant workers mainly results in wage premiums effect,while in large-scale cities over-education results in a wage penalty effect,and inadequate education overall shows a negative effect on wages.The empirical test of the theoretical mechanism of the education-occupation mismatch effect on wages shows that small and medium-sized cities support the theoretical model of human capital,while large cities and megacities support the theoretical model of distribution.This means that for migrant workers in small and medium-sized cities,the higher the degree of education,the higher the returns on human capital,while in large cities,a best match of education and occupation is more important.Therefore,improving the matching degree of education and occupation in urban areas and further enhancing the mobility and allocation efficiency of labor resources should be the policy concerns.