男内女外：农村“留守丈夫”的生成原因、类型与后果——基于晋南符册村的调查

“Left-behind Husband and Outgoing Wife”: An Analysis of the Causes, Types and Consequences of “Left-behind Husbands” in Rural Areas Based on the Investigation in Fuce Village in the South of Shanxi Province

进入21世纪以来,农村"留守丈夫"的身影在学术界长期缺场。本文晋南符册村的案例研究试图呈现当前农村"留守丈夫"的留守类型和家庭处境,并揭示其背后的生成机制和社会结构变迁。研究发现:中国农村夫妻外出还是留守的问题,取决于农村市场化进程中家庭生计两性分工的比较优势及其家庭发展模式。农村"留守丈夫"家庭的主要特征是"夫守妇出",这一家庭发展模式建立在"市场——家庭——个体"三个维度互动的基础上,由此可以将"留守丈夫"群体类型学分为城市市场挤压型、故乡生计吸纳型与家庭发展周期型。强势面具下的"留守丈夫"受到故土情怀、子女教育、家庭养老的慰藉和羁绊,而长期夫妇分离极易引发婚姻破裂和亲子关系失衡。随着中国第三产业的发展,将会出现一股农村"留守丈夫"家庭的亚文化,而对当前中国农村留守问题的学术审视需要回归到"家庭"的整体性视野,从中寻找中国社会活力的微观基础。

Since the beginning of the 21st century,the figure of“left behind husbands”in rural areas has been absent for a long time in academia.By conducting a case study of Fuce Village in the south of Shanxi Province,this article presents the types of“left behind husbands”and their family conditions,and reveals the generation mechanism and transformation of the social structure behind this phenomenon.The study indicates that the issue of whether Chinese rural couples go out or stay behind depends on the comparative advantage of gender division of labor in household livelihood and family development model during the process of rural marketization.The main feature of the rural“left behind husbands”families is that the husband manages domestic matters while the wife works outside.The family development mode is built based on the interaction among three dimensions of“market-family-individual”.Therefore the group credit of“left behind husbands”can be divided into three types,namely,an urban market squeeze type,a hometown livelihood absorption type and a family development cycle type.However,behind this superiority mask,the“left-behind husbands”receive comfort,and meanwhile are fettered by the homeland feelings,children’s education and elderly care pension,while the long-term separation of the couple is more likely to result into marriage breakdown and the imbalance of parent-child relationship.With the development of China’s tertiary industry,there will be a subculture of rural“left-behind husbands”families.The academic review of the current rural left-behind phenomena in China needs to return to the overall perspective of the“family”as a whole in order to find the micro basis of China’s social vitality.