远距离民族主义:离散族群的跨国政治认同与实践

The Long-Distance Nationalism: Transnational Political Identities and Practices of the Dispersed Ethnic Groups

随着全球化的深入发展,离散族群与祖籍国的联系日益紧密,他们对祖籍国怀有强烈的政治认同并发起或参与指向祖籍国的远距离跨国政治活动,成为当今全球政治的一个重要现象,被学术界称为“远距离民族主义”。作者认为促使远距离民族主义产生和发展的因素主要有几个:一是离散族群对祖籍国或传统居住地的归属感,二是政治流亡者的动员,三是双重公民身份或双重国籍的存在,四是现代交通、通讯为远距离跨国交流带来的便利。第一个因素至关重要也必不可少,但并非完全具备这四个因素才能产生远距离民族主义。许多国家在舆论、组织机构和法律政策上对离散族群参与祖籍国的外交和政治事务给予了程度不同的支持,甚至成为远距离民族主义的主导者。作者认为,远距离民族主义曾在历史上推动了反殖民斗争最终使许多国家获得了独立,有时也为改善居住国与祖籍国之间的双边关系发挥了一定的作用,这些是应该肯定的。然而,它给离散族群的居住国和祖籍国的民族国家建设所带来的消极影响也不容小觑。

With the development of globalization going in depth,the connection of the dispersed ethnic groups with their native countries has got closer and closer,thus giving rise to their strong political identity with their native countries,and prompting them to get involved in long-distance transnational political activities towards their native countries.This has become an important phenomenon of global politics,which is called the“long-distance nationalism”by academia.This author believed the following factors have made major contributions to the birth and development of the“long-distance nationalism”:first,the sense of belonging of the dispersed ethnic groups with their native countries or ancestral homelands;second,the mobilization by political refugees;third,the existence of dual citizenship or dual nationality;fourth,the convenience provided by modern transportation and communication technologies for long-distance transnational exchanges.The first factor is the most important and indispensible one,while it is not necessary that the four factors should be complete before they give birth to the long-distance nationalism.Many host countries in the world have given support to different extent in public opinion,organizational institutions and legal policies to the dispersed ethnic groups for their involvement in diplomacy and political affairs of their native countries,or even become the dominant force that boosts the long-distance nationalism.It should be affirmed,as believed by this author,that the long-distance nationalism had promoted the liberation struggles against colonialism in the history that enabled many countries to win their independence in the end,and it sometimes plays a unique role in improving the bilateral relations between the host countries and their native countries.However,it cannot be ignored that such nationalism may exert negative impacts on the nation-state building of the host countries of the dispersed ethnic groups and their native countries as well.