《大明混一图》上的两个印度

Two Indias on the “Da-ming-hun-yi-tu”— A Universal Map of the Great Ming Regime

出于晚元江南士人李泽民之手、今已佚失的旧大陆世界地图《声教广被图》,是成于明初的《大明混一图》,以及15世纪初叶朝鲜王朝制作《混一疆理历代国都之图》时最重要的底图。后两幅地图之间最为显著的差异,是后者未曾呈现半岛形的南亚次大陆,而把属于印度的诸多地名定位于亚洲大陆块西南的一个巨岛之上。《大明混一图》则在保留"混一疆理图"里那个巨岛的同时,又在阿拉伯半岛以东增画了一个树干状的半岛。本文在对《大明混一图》上这两处贴有诸多满文转写标签,及少数因标签脱落而重现汉文注记的地名进行释读的基础上,认定图上出现了两处"印度",并试图厘清该图与《声教广被图》及"混一疆理图"之间的相互关系,探讨图上为何会出现两处印度的原因。

The lost map of the old world, "Sheng-jiao-guang-bei-tu," a map of widely disseminating renown & enlightening force of Yuan-China, drawn by Li Zemin, a scholar from the Yangtze Delta region in the late Yuan times, was the most important base map for "Da-ming-hun-yi-tu" produced in the early Ming dynasty, and compiling of "Honil Kangnido world map"(1402) by officers of the Cho-sian Dynasty as well. The most striking difference between the second and the third maps is that the latter did not show the peninsula-shaped South Asian Subcontinent, but located many geographical names belonging to ancient India at a large island southwest of the Asian Continent, while the former added a tree-trunk-like peninsula to the east of the Arabian Peninsula when retaining the huge island in the latter. Based on reading and analyzing the labels of place names transliterated Chinese pronunciation into Manchurian alphabet on the map of "Da-ming-hun-yi-tu," this article assures that two India appear in the map. And it also tries to clarify the relationship between the maps of "Da-ming-hun-yi-tu," "Sheng-jiao-guang-bei-tu," and "Honil Kangnido world map," as well as the reasons why there were two Indias on the first of the three maps.