清末中国的近代人口调查

China’s Modern Population Survey in the Late Qing Dynasty

从整体上把握清末人口调查的发展脉络,可以看到人口统计知识、理论的传入,有力地促进了近代人口统计在中国的兴起。湖南保卫总局的创立可视为中国近代人口调查的发端,近代人口调查的初兴经历了一个从点到面、从地方到全国的过程。除了民政部(巡警部)主持下的北京户籍调查、全国户口实数调查和宣统年间户口普查外,当时还发生了其他的全国性人口调查、大量的地方性个例调查和一些特别调查。清末近代人口调查既含有传统因素,同时还受到外国殖民者的一些制约。文中还讨论了清末人口调查结果的构成,重点探讨了宣统年间户口普查结果可能少估、多估的情形和不能确定多估少估的情形。

This paper strives to grasp the overall development of the population survey in the late Qing Dynasty.The introduction of demographic knowledge and theory provided methodological guidance for the modern population statistics in the late Qing Dynasty and effectively promoted the rise of modern demographics in China.The establishment of the Hunan Security Administration can be regarded as the origin of China’s modern population survey.The initial rise of population survey in modern China was a process that went from partial to comprehensive and from local to national.In addition to the Beijing household registration survey,the national household registration survey and the population census,other national population surveys,including many local investigations and some special investigations,occurred at that time.The demographic surveys in the late Qing Dynasty were diverse and complex.Modern population surveys contained traditional factors,and foreign imperialists also imposed some restrictions.The essay discusses the results of the population survey in the late Qing Dynasty,and summarizes the collection of relevant original materials.It also focuses on the quality of the results of the census survey which may have been underestimated,overestimated,or uncertain.