清末新政与工艺教养机构之推广

The New Policies in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Promotion of the Education through Craft Training Institutions

工艺教养机构的大规模设立是清末新政中一项重要的社会改革措施,对社会救济、城市治安、刑狱体系转型及手工业发展均有深远影响。教养机构的出现并非始于清末。但新政以前,教养机构的发展是地方化的,其分布范围有限,主要集中于经济发达、社会力量较强的江浙等省。新政开始后,工艺教养因涉及发展实业、改良刑狱、革新社会三项重要的改革措施,颇受清廷重视,围绕它形成了一套自上而下、制度化的推动机制,而这一时期州县财政的扩张及地方精英参与的普遍化使得更多地区有能力设立这类机构。由此,工艺教养机构得以扩展到全国,而直隶、山东等官员执行力较强的省份成为新政时期工艺教养发展最快的地区。

The large-scale establishment of education through craft training institutions was an important social reform measure in the New Policies of the Late Qing Dynasty.The emergence of education through craft training institutions did not begin in the Late Qing.However,before the New Policies period,the development of education through labor was localized,and these institutions’ geographical distribution was limited,and mainly concentrated in the developed provinces such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang.After the start of the New Policies,the Qing government paid more attention to education through labor because it was closely linked to the development of industry,reformation of the prison system,and social improvement.There developed a top-down,institutionalized driving mechanism for the setting up of the education through labor institutions.Furthermore,the expansion of local finances and the broadening of local elites’ participation meant that more areas had the ability to set up such institutions.Therefore,the education through labor institutions was expanded to the whole country,and the provinces with strong administrations and executive ability,such as Zhili and Shandong,became the regions with the fastest development of the education through labor system in the New Policies period.