美国学前教育改革与反贫困举措的经验与启示

Experience and Enlightenment of American Preschool Education Reform and Anti-poverty Strategies

教育脱贫是解决产生“贫困陷阱”多维性的根本之策,在学前教育阶段缩小儿童在起点上的差距,消除儿童贫困的代际传递,拒斥儿童贫困现象的蔓延已成为各国政府的政策关切。美国政府通过出台专门法规,投入专项财政经费,实施精准支持计划,开展有效研究项目以及强化教师队伍建设等诸多教育改革举措有效改善了贫困儿童的成长轨迹。通过对美国历史上已经实施的学前教育改革举措进行成本与收益分析,发现有效的教育改革举措坚持了针对性、专业性、协调-合作性、补偿性、动态监控性等基本原则。基于美国学前教育改革与反贫困举措的经验分析,我国在深度贫困区教育脱贫攻坚行动中可采取:设立教育优先区,促进深度贫困区学前教育优先发展;实施跨区域教育协作,保障贫困地区学前师资队伍质量;完善动态监测与问责机制,确保教育扶贫项目的成效得以有效落实。

Child poverty is a worldwide problem,and preventing the spread of child poverty is also highly valued by governments.In order to narrow the gap between the starting points of preschool children and eliminate the inter-generational transmission of child poverty,the United States has implemented many educational reform measures to solve the life trajectory of poor children;through the reform of preschool education that has been implemented in the history of the United States,Through cost and benefit analysis of anti-poverty education initiatives,we can find that effective education initiatives have the basic principles of pertinence,professionalism,coordination-cooperation,compensation and dynamic monitoring.Based on the experience analysis of American pre-school education reform and anti-poverty measures,this paper has some reference and Enlightenment for poverty alleviation and Anti-poverty in Poverty-stricken areas of China.