明清以来客湘江右商帮在地化研究

Migration, Business Group and Localization: On Jiangyou Merchants and Their Organizations in Hunan since Ming and Qing Dynasties

"江西填湖广",是中国历史上重大移民活动之一,历经元、明、清,构成明清时期湖广地区人口的主体,成就了"湖广熟,天下足"的经济地位,开创了"惟楚有才,于斯为盛"的辉煌。伴随着移民浪潮入湘的江右商从行商、坐贾到定居,他们遍布湖南城镇,渗透于各行各业,并因共奉许真君为福主而结帮设馆,逐渐形成了著名的"江右商帮"。作为客商的江右商逐渐融入地方社会,在矛盾与冲突中实现在地化过程,并受近代市场环境与制度性因素影响,以同业组织融入地方商会,实现了地缘组织向跨地域业缘组织的转型。商帮的流动性以及渗透性在对湖南商业格局产生重要影响的同时,也成为两省联系和相互促进的天然纽带。

"Jiangxi Filling Huguang" is one of the major migration movements in Chinese history. After the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, it formed the main population of Huguang area in the Ming and Qing dynasties, achieving the economic status of "Huguang is ripe, China is abundant" and created the brilliance of "only Chu is talented, here(Hunan) is more prosperous". Along with the migration of Jiangxi merchants changed from itinerant merchant, shopkeeper to settlement, they spread throughout cities and towns in Hunan, infiltrated in all walks of life, and formed a famous "Jiangyou Commercial Group" because they all believed that Xuzhenjun was the Lord of blessings. As guest merchants,Jiangyou merchants gradually integrated into the local society, realized the process of localization in contradiction and conflict, and influenced by the recent market environment and institutional factors,integrated the trade organization into the local chamber of commerce, realized the transformation from the geographical organization to the cross regional organization. The fluidity and permeability of the commercial Gang not only have an important impact on the business pattern of Hunan, but also become the natural link between the two lake districts.