从对抗到共生:中世纪大学与城市关系变迁——以牛津大学为例

From Conflict to Symbiosis: Oxford Town-Gown Relationship in the Middle Ages

中世纪大学与城市既相互依赖,又存在激烈的冲突。以牛津大学和牛津城为例,在12至15世纪,双方围绕租金和特权等问题发生过一系列冲突,"镇袍之争"贯穿数个世纪。然而,随着大学与城市利益纽带的加强、大学特权的衰落及学院制的日益完善,牛津大学与牛津城由冲突对抗逐渐走向共生。二者在以斗争冲突这种激烈方式进行利益整合的过程中实现互动发展。以史为鉴,互促共生是当代大学与城市关系的主旋律,明确定位,借助各自优势进行深层次的互动是实现双方协调发展的有益方式。

Town-gown relations in medieval university cities were characterized by close interdependence and open hostility as well.The relationship of Oxford University to the town( now city) of Oxford,for instance,has a rocky history,esp. during the 12 th-15 th century,when the two sides came into fierce confrontation over rental rates and university privileges. Despite those occasional outbreaks of violence,Oxford town-gown relationship has been greatly improved since the late Middle Ages,because of their increasingly closer economic ties,as well as the withdrawal of university privileges and establishment of collegiate system. In fact,it was just through resolving town-gown conflicts that both sides finally learned to coordinate and cooperate with each other,so as to achieve mutual benefits and create win-win results. Drawing lessons from history,we contend that relations between universities and cities in our modern times could be conceived of in terms of symbiosis( rather than conflicts)-a complementary relationship based on mutual dependence and mutual interests.