北京突发地质灾害防治策略刍论

Preventive Countermeasures for Sudden Geological Disasters in Beijing

北京是突发地质灾害隐患发现数量较多的首都城市之一,虽然历史上北京地区地质灾害给人民生命财产造成了一定的损失,但是随着社会经济发展模式的转型升级、生态环境的持续改善,地质灾害防治行政管理精细模式的深入全面展开,大规模的地质灾害事件发生频率越来越低;随之而来的是基于小崩小塌引发的中小型地质灾害隐患的持续增加,大量并持续增加中的中小型地质灾害隐患对北京城市的规划、建设和运行管理形成威胁并造成影响。北京地质灾害防治工作的重点在防,而防控的基本原则在于防患于未然,防治工作的主体目标是隐患,所以北京地质灾害防治工作的关键是地质灾害隐患的识别和管控。本文首先在概念上理清了灾害与隐患的区别,分析了北京地质灾害隐患的特点;论述了目前北京地质灾害防治策略,在地质灾害防治工作初期发挥了重要作用;同时分析防治策略存在的传统调查手段对于高位隐蔽性隐患的早期识别能力不足问题,监测预警体系中的滑而未测、测而未滑问题等不足;提出研究隐患"从哪里来,到哪里去"的哲学思考,建议对地质灾害开展由孕灾、发展、灭失的全周期管控;旨在为北京突发地质灾害防灾减灾体系完善、改进,提供参考。

Beijing is one of the capital cities with a large number of unexpected geological hazards. Although geological disasters in Beijing have caused certain loss to people’s life and property in history, with the transformation and upgrading of social and economic development mode, the continuous improvement of ecological environment, the in-depth and comprehensive development of the fine administrative model of geological disaster prevention and control, the frequency of large-scale geological disaster events is getting lower and lower. The following is the continuous increase of small and medium-sized geological hazards caused by small avalanches and collapses. A large number of small and medium-sized geological hazards threaten and affect the planning, construction and operation management of Beijing city. The focus of geological disaster prevention and control in Beijing is prevention, and the basic principle of prevention and control is prevention in advance. The main goal of prevention and control is hidden danger, so the key of geological disaster prevention and control in Beijing is the identification and control of hidden danger of geological disaster. Firstly, this paper clarifies the difference between hazards and hidden dangers in concept, and analyzes the characteristics of geological hazards in Beijing. Based on the investigation, identification, monitoring, treatment and relocation of hidden dangers, the geological disaster prevention and control system in Beijing has played an important role in the early stage of geological disaster prevention and control. At the same time, it analyzes the problem that the traditional investigation methods of the prevention and control system are insufficient for the early identification of high hidden dangers. In the monitoring and early warning system, the problems of sliding but not measured, measured but not slid, etc. are put forward, i.e., the philosophical thinking of "where to come from and where to go" to study hidden danger, It is suggested that geological disasters should be controlled by the whole cycle of disaster pregnancy, development and loss. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the improvement of the disaster prevention and mitigation system of sudden geological disasters in Beijing.