美国城乡义务教育一体化的历史变迁及发展规律

The Historical Changes and Development Law of the Integration of Urban and Rural Compulsory Education in the U.S.

城乡义务教育一体化是深入推进义务教育均衡发展的重要举措,也是国家福利制度改革的优先选择。美国作为社会福利体系建构最为完善的国家之一,城乡义务教育一体化的演进经历了义务教育福利制度建立期、学校标准化运动期、多元均衡发展期,体现出“从宗教兴学到公共办学”“从补偿教育到充足教育”“从督导评估到绩效问责”的螺旋式发展过程。制度化和法制化是美国农村义务教育福利制度建立发展的基础和前提,联邦主导、地方负责的政府责任体系是其发展的重要保障,补偿性政策和专门性项目是其贯彻实施的现实途径,基于标准的质量绩效问责是其有效落实的实践创新。美国的经验及制度创新之处值得我们参考借鉴。

The development of the integration of urban and rural compulsory education is an important measure to further promote the balanced development of compulsory education,and it is also a priority choice for the reform of the national welfare system.The United States is one of the countries which have the most complete social welfare system.The evolution of the integration of urban and rural compulsory education in this country has gone through the period of the establishment of compulsory education welfare system,the period of school standardization movement,and the period of plural balanced development,and has embodied the spiral process of“religious education to public education”,“compensatory education to adequate education”and“supervision and evaluation to performance accountability”.Institutionalization and legalization are the foundation and prerequisites for the establishment and development of the rural compulsory education welfare system in the United States.The federally-led and locally-responsible government responsibility system is an important guarantee for its development.Compensatory policies and specialized projects are the realistic ways of its implementation.Standard-based accountability for quality performance is a practical innovation for its effective implementation.The experience and institutional innovation of the U.S.are worthy of our reference.