农地三权分置的法理阐释和制度重塑

The Legal Theory Explanation of“Three-right Separation”and System Reconstruction

随着三权分置政策的推进,适时的立法跟进成为必要。将政策上升为法律,需遵循法律体系内在逻辑,不能直接照搬政策术语。从土地承包经营权的内涵来看,其并不包含承包权,故对三权分置的法律解读不应是将土地承包经营权分解为承包权和经营权。从大陆法系所有权弹力性及“母子权利”结构出发,三权分置的法权结构应为农村集体在集体土地所有权上为本集体经济组织成员设定农村土地承包经营权,土地承包经营权人在土地承包经营权上为其他农业经营主体设定土地经营权。为实现“加快农村土地的流转,以实现适度规模经营”的三权分置目标,同时从法律体系自身逻辑出发,土地经营权应当被定性为物权。

With the advance of the“three-right separation”policy,it is necessary for the legislation to follow up.The policy becoming the law needs to follow the inner logic of law system,and should not directly use the policy terms.Based on the connotation of contracted land management right,because it does not contain the contracted right,therefore,the legal explanation of three-right separation should not decompose contracted land management right into contracted right and management right.Based on the decomposition theory of“mother and child rights”structure in the traditional civil law,the separation of“three-right”should be legally reflected in the following law structure:Contacted land management right of rural land comes from collective ownership,the management right of the land come from contacted land management right of rural land.In order to get the subject of“three-right separation”policy and the logic of system and to achieve the goal of rural land transfer and suitable-scale management,the nature of management right of the land should be the characteristics of rights in rem.