私有制条件下资本与劳动的分裂及其不合理性--青年恩格斯的劳资关系思想及其评价

The Division of Capital and Labor under the Condition of Private Ownership and Its Irrationality--Young Engels’Thoughts on Labor-Management Relations and Their Evaluation

恩格斯在《国民经济学批判大纲》中明确地从生产过程的角度来解读资本与劳动的关系。他不仅在一般生产过程的维度上指出了作为劳动资料及劳动产品的资本与劳动本身的相互统一性,而且指出了在私有制条件下生产过程中资本和劳动的分裂。对青年恩格斯来说,不管是资本和劳动的分裂,还是劳动本身或资本本身的分裂,都是发生在生产过程中,而不是发生在交换过程中。此时的恩格斯在私有制批判的总体思路上的确是人本主义的,但他与赫斯等青年黑格尔派成员的不同是:他并不把阐述的重点放在对现有劳动过程异化特性的阐述上,而是致力于阐释异化劳动过程的具体内容。尽管他在这种具体剖析上还不能推进得太深,但我们有理由认为,如果赫斯等人的抽象人本主义阐释思路是强人本主义的话,那么,青年恩格斯的阐释思路只是一种弱人本主义思路。这一思路中已经具备足够的理论空间使恩格斯在哲学方法论上朝着历史唯物主义的方向发展。

Engels clearly interpreted,in his Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalkonomie,the relationship between capital and labor from the perspective of production process.With such a view,the mutual unity,in the process of general production,of capital,serving as means and products of labor,and labor itself was indicated,together with a division of capital and labor under the condition of private ownership.Such divisions,Young Engels found,occurred in the process of production,instead of exchange.Hence came his general idea of the critique of private ownership indeed humanistic,different from the Young Hegelian members such as Hess as in Engels’opinion,the interpretation of the specific content of the alienated labor process,but not the elaboration of alienation characteristics,gained more weight.Though without too far advance in this specific analysis,Young Engels’interpretation is concluded as a a weak humanistic approach if we take the abstract humanistic interpretation of Hess School a kind of strong approach.Such a view offers theoretical space enough to enable Engels to walk towards historical materialism in terms of philosophical methodology.