美国的颠覆性技术创新:基于创新型组织模式研究

Disruptive Technology Innovation in the United States: A Study Based on the Innovation Organization Model

美国在二战以后能够在世界科技领域保持领先优势的重要秘诀,源自于以DARPA为代表的创新组织机构在颠覆性技术上的突破性进展。DARPA在诞生之初就将目标聚焦在具有长远战略价值的颠覆式创新项目上,这在美国科技进步史上发挥了举足轻重的作用。文章对DARPA诞生的历史动因及其背后的产业政策逻辑进行剖析,认为DARPA是基于战后国内创新挑战而进行的组织模式创新。本文在引入鲍维利安五类创新模式的理论基础上,进行关联性分析,认为美国作为领先型国家创新体系的主要优势在于科研创新体系的发展完善,强调颠覆式创新能力的培养,重视基础研究的商业化转化。其中,DARPA模式是创新型组织模式的典型示范,在组织特征、管理理念和制度安排方面有其独特优势。

The key reason why United States could stay ahead of the world in the field of science and technology after World War II was the breakthrough in disruptive technologies made by the innovation organizations represented by DARPA. At the beginning of its birth, DARPA focused its attention on disruptive innovation projects with long-term strategic value which played an important role in the history of technological advancement in the United States. It holds the opinion that DARPA is an organizational model innovation based on the domestic innovation challenges after World War II. Based on the introduction of Bonvillian’s five innovation models, this paper conducts a correlation analysis and argues that the main advantages of the United States as the leading national innovation system are the development of research and innovation system, the emphasis on the cultivation of disruptive innovation, and the attention paid to the commercialization of basic research. Among them, the DARPA model is a typical demonstration of the innovation organization model, which shows superiority in organization characteristics, management concepts and institutional arrangements.