无线传感器网络中公钥机制研究综述

A Survey on Public Key Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

物联网是当前学术界和产业界的研究热点,作为物联网主要构成部分之一的无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks,WSNs),其安全与人们的生活安全及隐私息息相关.过去近二十年来WSNs安全得到了广泛深入的研究,其中公钥机制从最初的不可行认知到现今的广泛研究应用,在WSNs中的可行性正逐渐被认可.然而公钥机制是否可以在WSNs中全面展开、其被引入到WSNs后会带来哪些问题、还有哪些尚未解决,这些都有待进一步探究.本文梳理了WSNs中公钥机制研究的高质量文献并将其归结为原语类、密钥管理类、认证与访问控制类、其他应用类,对比分析了各类文献中的经典研究工作,总结了WSNs中引入公钥机制的必要性、可行性及相关问题与挑战,针对这些挑战分析了其现有解决情况,最后对研究方向及可能的解决方案进行了展望.

Internet of Things(IoT)is a research hotspot in academia and industry.As one of the main components of IoT,the security of WSNs(Wireless Sensor Networks)is closely related to people’s life security and privacy.In the past nearly 20 years,the security of WSNs has been studied extensively and deeply.From the initial infeasible consciousness to the present extensive researches and applications,the feasibility of public key mechanism in WSNs has been recognized gradually by scholars.However,there are still many problems that need to be further explored,such as whether the public key mechanism can be fully deployed in WSNs,what problems it brings after being introduced into WSNs,and what remains unresolved.In this paper,the highquality literature on public key mechanism researches in WSNs have been collected and classified into four categories:Primitive,Key Management,Authentication and Access Control,and other applications.The necessity,feasibility,and related issues and challenges of introducing public key mechanism into WSNs have been summarized.Moreover,the existing feasible solutions addressing the aforementioned challenges have been analyzed comprehensively in this paper.According to the existing researches we find that:(1)Considering key length,speed,security,etc.the most suitable public key mechanism for WSNs is ECC(Elliptic Curve Cryptography).The fastest scalar multiplication in the existing implementation schemes of ECC primitives only takes 0.29 son MCAz platform with security level ECC163,which was achieved by Aranha et al.of Oliveira project team in 2010.(2)As for the WSN applications with high security requirements,it is necessary to employee a public key mechanism for key agreement.AKA(Authenticated Key Agreement)scheme based on pairing-free certificateless public key mechanism is the most promising scheme.And the CL-EKM scheme recently proposed by Seo et al.has comprehensive advantages among the existing AKA schemes for WSNs.(3)Among the authentication and access control schemes,Ke et al.’s external authentication scheme,Jiang et al.’s three-factor authentication scheme,and Ren,Shim et al.’s external user broadcast authentication scheme are the most representative.Finally,the research directions and probable solutions are prospected.(1)NTRU with high efficiency,anti-quantum attack and lattice-based theory may become the most important public key primitive in WSNs in the future after solving the problem of high storage and communication load caused by the long keys.(2)AKA scheme based on certificateless public key mechanism without pairing operation is becoming a hot topic in the current low-cost and high-efficiency AKA research.(3)In the public key mechanisms of authentication and access control,AKA is the basis of authentication mechanism for internal nodes.While in the access control of external users,access control technologies based on three or even multiple factors such as passwords,memory cards,biometrics and other factors are becoming a research hotspot.Furthermore,broadcast authentication is also an important research direction in this field.(4)In addition,public key-based schemes have also received widespread attention in the field of security research in medical and healthcare applications.In summary,with the deepening of security researches,public key mechanism is increasingly becoming an important fundamental tool to ensuring security in WSNs,especially in the case of high security requirements.