第二次世界大战前美国制造业的郊区化——兼论美国郊区化与城市化的关系

Manufacturing’s Suburbanization of America before the Second World War: An Exploration of the Relationship between Urbanization and Suburbanization

从19世纪中叶开始,随着生产规模的扩大、生产技术的进步和生产流程的优化,工厂对空间的需求越来越大,再加上重工业对资源、能源的需求,使得美国制造业产生了向郊区发展的动力。工业地产商的开发活动和铁路的出现也使工业在郊区的发展成为可能。在多种因素作用下,1879~1954年间,美国郊区制造业的发展速度和新增制造业就业岗位的绝对数量都超过了中心城市,呈现出郊区化的态势。在19世纪末20世纪初,美国城市兼并郊区的过程中,制造业郊区化的部分成果被城市化吸收,从而促进了美国城市化在1920年的基本实现。

After the mid-19th century,with the expansion of the scale of production,the demand for space in factories increased,and the demand for resources and energy in heavy industry generated the impetus for the development of American manufacturing in the suburbs.The development of industrial property and the emergence of railways also made possible the development of industry in the suburbs.Under the influence of various factors,from 1879 to 1954,the American suburban manufacturing industry outpaced the central city both in the growth rate and in the absolute number of new manufacturing jobs,showing a trend towards suburbanization.At the turn of the 20th century,in the process of American cities’consolidation with suburbs,some fruits of manufacturing suburbanization were absorbed by cities,thus promoting the realization of American urbanization in 1920.